新托福阅读7天突破

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【导语】以下是小编为大家准备的新托福阅读7天突破（共8篇），供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。

篇1：新托福阅读7天突破

如何在7天内提升托福阅读水平

我是两星期内两次在美国考了两次托福。因为第一次托福阅读根本就看不懂，我估计肯定很烂(现在还没有出成绩)，回家后注册了一个礼拜之后的考试。在那一个礼拜之内我大概一共学习了15个小时(有两天没有学习，其他一天学3个小时。我是很懒的，阅读基本自认为没有救的那种。) 那个礼拜内我没有背单词，只是改变了阅读习惯。写一点作文。

先说说我第一次考的悲惨经历，考过iBT的同学肯定有感受，题目出来后一开始大脑一片空白，我就开始紧张，然后就根本看不懂，只听得到心跳。越紧张越看不懂，第一篇只有20分钟，时间很紧张，因为一般大家都要花一些时间冷静下来。我是根本没有静下心来。第一篇砸了后面就更分心了。我认为一定控制好自己的情绪，要知道错15道题还能拿到19分的。所以第一篇做差一点千万不要自责(就算错个6，7道，后面做好了还是能拿好分数)。考前如果有可能可以吃一些鱼肝油什么的，我还吃了一些focus的药片，有镇定作用。个人认为有点帮助的，或者是我的心理素质提高了，第二次考试 大概花了1-2分钟静下心来。

第二次考试我的托福阅读没有任何问题，很快就做完。我不认为是题目变简单了，而主要是我一个礼拜之内托福阅读有了很大的提高。我第一次考之前阅读都是在书本上做的，所以到了考场对着电脑做根本没有感觉。所以对着电脑做题很重要，相信其他同学也提过。第一次考试回来后我开始看上的文章，真的很有用。并且发现有些内容在delta and baron都看到过。强烈推荐哦!我坚持每次看2个小时(因为有可能加试阅读)，并且力求看懂。一开始觉得很难，到后来就开始快了。第二次考试我每篇做完后都留下几分钟检查。我以前也看到过牛人5天内提高GRE阅读，方法就是长时间的高难度阅读。

托福阅读TPO突破需6步走

当说到托福考试的时候，很多人是言必称OG，如果没有把托福阅读TPO挂在嘴边，就好像自己没有资格考托福考试一样。很多人也是做完OG做TPO，然后马上就问我接下来还该做什么?都把TPO做完了，没有什么其他的可以做的了，如果再做一遍的话，我答案都记住了还有用么?

此时，我们好像混淆了一个问题，当我们看到这些问题的时候，其实他们总是有这样一个假设性的前提，就是“只有做题”=“准备托福考试”。但是实际上，托福考试是一个考查能力的考试，我们最后的多做题，是在提升了我们实力的前提下，再通过TPO来熟悉考试和查缺补漏的。

那么回到做题本身，这些TPO真题我们到底该怎么做呢?

第一步：不限时做题，但要记录做题时间。其实对于托福考试来说，如果想要取得好的成绩，那么最简单粗暴的方法，就应该是尽可能地做对更多的题。这句话听上去好像是废话，但是如果反过来，再来看很多考友的做题方式，他们经常是一开始就限时20分钟开始做题，然后当看到错题的数目的时候，脸就绿了。这其实就是做错了，因为这个时候，你追求的是按时做完题目，而不是得到最高的正确率。当然你会理直气壮的问：考试的时候，不就是每篇文章20分钟么?

但是亲!要知道，没有人规定你练习的时候也要20分钟做完啊。当然，你又会不甘心的问：如果我不按时做，那么考试的时候，做不完怎么办?很简单，做题应该是在保持尽可能地做对更多的题的前提下，批量的做题。也就是，今天我们花40分钟做完一篇文章，下周花35分钟做完一篇文章，然后慢慢的下个月能25分钟做完1篇文章，最后争取在2个月后一篇文章20分钟就可以做完，而且争取每篇文章只错1-2题。

第二步：统计错题数，也就是错几题，筒子们，可以根据每错7道题，扣5分的原则来估计一下自己的分数。

第三步：将自己的错题数题型进行分类，并且进行记录。建议同志们用一个笔记本或者excel表格来记录自己错题类型，这样做完几套之后，就可以统计自己的错题类型，然后进行有的放矢的对于该题型的集中突破。

第四步：查处里面的不认识的单词，除了那些过于专业的词汇之外(比如说二磷酸腺苷二钠盐)，并且拿一个小本，将这些单词全都抄在上面，平时在乘车或者吃饭的时候可以反复背。

第五步：弄清楚里面所有的题目为什么错。请记住，题目错，永远都是有原因的!找出这个原因，然后解决该问题，是你最应该做的!而不是做完了，就去做下一套题。其实题目错误不外乎如下这些原因：

1 单词错，也就是要么不认识，要么这个语境下不用这个意思。

2 语法错，没有弄清某件事情到底是谁做的，或者谁被动接受这个动作。

3 固定搭配错，比如说很多人不知道at the expense of，到底是什么意思。

4 逻辑错，比如说很多人经常将result from理解为“导致”。

5 没清楚作者的逻辑。很多人特别喜欢主观臆断作者某一句话的意思，请注意，在托福考试之中，绝大多数的例子，都是在解释说明作者前面的主题句。

第六步：每3套题，就横向的检查一下哪些题型常错，然后找同学研究一下这种题型的解决方案。

零基础搞定托福阅读考试

一个博士生导师在看本科生的时候，应该也算是0基础吧，因此，所谓的0基础，很多时候应该是接近于初中水平，或者说高一水平。相信这个世界上真的很少有小学英语水平的筒子们想考托福考试的。

当我们来讨论高一水平的时候，首先应该对于这个水平有一个很好的客观评价。这就如同如果要制定一份学习计划，那么第一件事应该是摸清考生自己的情况，否则很有可能做出不恰当的安排，比如说让姚明练举重。其实，大学四级水平基本上与中国的高考水平相当。

那么我们对比之下就应该知道，首先第一步，要让0基础的考友从打基础做起。

今天，首先要聊的就是阅读。

当我们从0基础起步的时候，有一个特别应该注意的关键性问题，就是一定不要试图一开始就面面俱到!换句话说，我们在准备托福考试的时候，首先第一件事要做的，就是要先打开一个突破口，然后顺势而入，继而攻克其他的几个单项。这是首先一定要有的一个策略问题!

当我们有这样一个指导方针之后：

首先第一步，象形各位考友都会非常心里有数的选择背单词了。在此特别提醒，一定要背2本单词书：大学4级单词+7天搞定托福单词。很多人总是会误解，认为考托福考试，就只背托福单词就好了，但是实际上，所有的托福单词书都是默认去掉大学4记单词的，但是对于0基础的考生，又恰巧是缺了这部分单词，因此一定要背2部分单词，分别是大学4级单词与托福单词。

第二步，语法。语法其实应该被我们分为2个部分，第一个部分是基础的语法知识;第二部分，也就是对于更基础性的语法内容，应该首先让各位考友先报露出自己的问题，然后再通过矫正的手段来解决问题。要想这么做最好的方法就是，先写作文，然后再进行批改，这种方法是最好的，一个发现问题，然后解决问题的手段。

第三步，长难句。其实，现在中国的英语教学是重学不重用，对，也就是不中用。英语考试的核心应该是注重应用和理解，但是中国的英语考试，由于各种各样的原因，使得中国的英语考试就喜欢考察一些边角废料，最不常用的内容。反过来倒使得最关键的立即和应用变成了配角，不得不说是一个天大的悲哀!分析长难句，其实最关键的目的就是要去让自己快速的理解和整合句意，以达到快速解题的目的。

第四步，看美剧。尤其是要将中文字幕放在屏幕上面，英文字幕放在屏幕下面。这样做的目的就是让我们还原英语是一门语言的这个本质，去多接触英语怎么说，通过量变达到质变，这一点尤其对于最后期望达到100分的考友来说，十分重要。

篇2：新托福阅读真经10天突破

新托福阅读真经10天突破

内容简介

Day1：介绍TOEFL阅读考试的基本信息，讲解托福阅读文章的选材、分类、写作手法以及题型概述。对历年真题中的阅读文章根据题材详细分类，从人物传记类、美国历史类、生物与科学类三个方面分析托福阅读文章，使考生从整体上熟悉TOEFL阅读考试。

Day2：对TOEFL阅读考试的考点进行详细剖析，分析阅读考试的命题规律和趋势，总结托福阅读考试十大命题原则，并通过真题对每种命题原则进行详细讲解。

Day3：总结托福阅读考试的十大题型，并以历年真题为载体，讲解各种题型的解题技巧和注意事项。

Day4：讲解历年真题中出现的长难句和复杂句，总结常见的特殊语法现象如“平行结构”和“倒装结构”等，帮助考生突破语法难关。

Day5、Day6、Day7：通过初级进阶模拟试题、中级进阶模拟试题、高级进阶模拟试题三个部分的阶梯训练，由浅人深，使考生逐步熟悉TOEFL考试的难度，提高考生的阅读能力。

Day8、Day9：提供两套TOEFL全真模拟试题，帮助考生在考试前检测自己的学习情况。

Day10：总结历年考试真题中出现的托福阅读常考同义词表，许多单词在考试中重复出现，通过积累高频词汇，考生可有效突破阅读的词汇关，从而取得阅读高分。

本书得以顺利出版，感谢中启时创(北京)文化交流有限公司的赵中明老师、王起龙老师及中国人民大学出版社何冬梅老师在本书的编写过程中提出的宝贵意见，感谢谢晓春老师、喻菡韵老师在本书编校过程中的辛勤工作。

作者简介

何满，著名出国英语考试培训师，英语教学和测试专家。著有《雅思9分密码》、《高中生学雅思阅读》、《SAT阅读真经10天突破》等多部图书。曾在全国各大高校进行巡回讲座，学生遍布海内外。对雅思、托福、SAT、GRE等各类出国考试的题型、解题技巧及发展趋势把握精准，用最简洁的语言诠释考试内容。授课风格生动幽默，独辟蹊径。独创“扫描跳读法”以及“象形记忆法”，帮助众多考生攻克考试难关，一次性彻底摆脱背诵英语单词的苦恼。

目 录

Day1 托福阅读概况

第一节 托福阅读基本信息

第二节 托福阅读文章题材

Day2 托福阅读十大命题原则

Day3 托福阅读题型分类讲解

第一节 词汇题

第二节 事实信息题

第三节 否定事实信息题

第四节 推理题

第五节 修辞目的题

第六节 指代题

第七节 句子简化题

第八节 插入文本题

第九节 文章内容小结题

托福阅读真题练习：美国移民

托福阅读文本：

Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration, from town and farm to city, within the United States. The country had been overwhelmingly rural at the beginning of the century, with less than 5 percent of Americans living in large towns or cities. The proportion of urban population began to grow remarkably after 1840, increasing from 11 percent that year to 28 percent by 1880 and to 46 percent by 1900. A country with only 6 cities boasting a population of more than 8,000 in 1800 had become one with 545 such cities in 1900. Of these, 26 had a population of more than 100,000 including 3 that held more than a million people. Much of the migration producing an urban society came from smaller towns within the United States, but the combination of new immigrants and old American “settlers” on America's “urban frontier” in the late nineteenth century proved extraordinary.

The growth of cities and the process of industrialization fed on each other. The agricultural revolution stimulated many in the countryside to seek a new life in the city and made it possible for fewer farmers to feed the large concentrations of people needed to provide a workforce for growing numbers of factories. Cities also provided ready and convenient markets for the products of industry, and huge contracts in transportation and construction — as well as the expanded market in consumer goods — allowed continued growth of the urban sector of the overall economy of the Untied States.

Technological developments further stimulated the process of urbanization. One example is the Bessemer converter (an industrial process for manufacturing steel), which provided steel girders for the construction of skyscrapers. The refining of crude oil into kerosene, and later the development of electric lighting as well as of the telephone, brought additional comforts to urban areas that were unavailable to rural Americans and helped attract many of them from the farms into the cities. In every era the lure of the city included a major psychological element for country people: the bustle and social interaction of urban life seemed particularly intriguing to those raised in rural isolation.

托福阅读题目：

1. What aspects of the United States in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Technological developments

(B) The impact of foreign immigrants on cities

(C) Standards of living

(D) The relationship between industrialization and urbanization

2. The word “influx” in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) working

(B) processing

(C) arrival

(D) attraction

3. The paragraph preceding the passage most probably discuss

(A) foreign immigration

(B) rural life

(C) the agricultural revolution

(D) famous cities of the twentieth century

4. What proportion of population of the United States was urban in 1900?

(A) Five percent

(B) Eleven percent

(C) Twenty-eight percent

(D) Forty-six percent

5. The word “extraordinary” in line 12 is closet in meaning to

(A) expensive

(B) exceptional

(C) supreme

(D) necessary

6. The phrase “each other” in line 13 refers to

(A) foreign immigrants and domestic migrants

(B) farms and small towns

(C) growth of cities and industrialization

(D) industry and transportation

7. The word “stimulated” in line 14 is closest in meaning to

(A) forced

(B) prepared

(C) limited

(D) motivated

8. Why does the author mention “electric lighting” and “the telephone” in line 23?

(A) They contributed to the agricultural revolution

(B) They are examples of the conveniences of city life

(C) They were developed by the same individual.

(D) They were products of the Bessemer converter.

9. The word “them” in line 25 refers to

(A) urban areas

(B) ruralAmericans

(C) farms

(D) cities

10. The word “era” in line 25 is closest in meaning to

(A) period of time

(B) location

(C) action

(D) unique situation

11. The word “intriguing” in line 27 is closest in meaning to

(A) profitable

(B) attractive

(C) comfortable

(D) challenging

托福阅读答案：

DCADB CDBBA B

托福阅读真题练习：心理学领域

托福阅读文本：

Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.

Since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question “What will I do after graduation?” A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.

A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones.

Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to “What will I do after graduation that will lead to successful career?”

托福阅读题目：

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A)A tool to assist in making complex decisions.

(B)A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions

(C) Research on how people make decisions

(D) Differences between long-range and short-range decision making

2. The word “essential” in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) introductory

(B) changeable

(C) beneficial

(D) fundamental

3. The word “pertinent” in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) relevant

(B) preceding

(C) insightful

(D) responsive

4. Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet?

(A) Listing the consequences of each solution

(B) Calculating a numerical summary of each solution

(C) Deciding which consequences are most important

(D) Writing down all possible solutions

5.According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that

(A) has the fewest variables to consider

(B) uses the most decision worksheets

(C) has the most points assigned to it

(D) is agreed to by the greatest number of people

6. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 by means of

(A) describing a process

(B) classifying types of worksheets

(C) providing historical background

(D) explaining a theory

7. The author states that “On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once

(lines 17-18) to explain that

(A) most decisions involve seven steps

(B) human mental capacity has limitations

(C) some people have difficulty making minor as well as major decisions

(D) people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice

8. The word ”succinct “in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(A) creative

(B) satisfactory

(C) personal

(D) concise

9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?

(A) Proponents (line 5)

(B) Optimal (line 5)

(C) Variables (line 17)

(D) Long-range goals (line 25)

10. The word ”it“ in line 24 refers to

(A) worksheet

(B) problem

(C) distinction

(D) decision

11. The word ”revise“ in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) ask

(B) explain

(C) change

(D) predict

托福阅读答案：

ADADCABDBB C

篇3：如何突破托福阅读的瓶颈期

如何突破托福阅读的瓶颈期?

那提升阅读能力的本质又是什么呢 ?

无非是三个要素:

1.词汇量

2.精读能力

3是阅读速度

托福阅读高分考生有这几种典型：

1.词汇量极大

把各种单词书背了N遍，几乎阅读文章里每个词都认识了，所以能考满分了。无奈此种方法只适合别人家孩子用，大部分人不愿意把自己逼到这个境地。 因为这种方法极度消耗意志力，特别不适合低年龄段的学生使用.

2.泛读量极大

这种爱好课外阅读英文原著，广有涉猎，托福里考的天文地理人文社科这些知识都在广泛阅读的书里看到过。无奈此种方法需要以前长期的积累，而且需要学生自身对广大的科目有浓厚的兴趣，不是在被迫的情况下去读各种英文原著，只适合极少数的学霸使用.

3.狂热技巧党

这类学生是国内培训机构的优秀产物，因为培训机构不讲技巧会让人觉得钱白花了，考生也觉得交了这么多钱应该要给我很多读不懂也能做对题的技巧吧?锦上添花考了高分的技巧党也是有的，可是对于大部分考生来说，你们听完题型技巧，考试真的用上多少了么?

以上三种类型的人，如果成功考到高分，其实都有一个共同点：他有能力读懂文章大多数的句子，更精准一点的说，是能够看懂题目问题对应文章的那几句句子含义(即使一个人说自己靠技巧考到了高分，那么你检查他的长难句理解水平，会发现他的理解力很强，技巧只是锦上添花一点点而已)。

托福90%的题目都是考察单词和对长难句的理解(除了段落题和总结题)，其实学生只要能看懂本段内的每个句子及其关系，就能考到27分以上。

而大多数学生上了N轮培训班，但是分数一直上不去，无非就是他们总是希望通过文章整体的理解去做题，通过段落大义的把握去做题，通过技巧规律去做题。就是不想通过看懂文章句子去做题。

其实托福是题目很简单的考试，如果你题目做错了，大多都是因为你原文很多句子没看懂。

具体来说读懂分为这几个层面：

1.单词

明白意思，也熟悉在托福里常用的意思

2.句子

能够抓到句子的主干核心要点，并理解

3.逻辑

几个句子组成的一段话，明白其句间关系

解决这三点，基本上至少就能27分了 。如果在此基础上对文章框架结构还能把握住，基本就能满分了.

怎么提升读懂句子的精读能力呢?

方法如下：

1.每个生词都查(中文都不懂的专业术语除外)，这样学到的单词，由于是在文章语境下学习的，印象更深刻，理解也更全面。

2.每句话都对照翻译读懂，精读每段之后，都要把这段的题目做了，如果还会错，很可能说明没有读到位。所以并不是摒弃做题，而是回归本质，通过题目来知道自己有没有读懂。

3. 如果遇到比较长，结构复杂句子，要先自己去提炼句子主干，然后再整句话的翻译.

比如:

For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.

这句话要先抽取出来:

For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.

了解到这句话的核心是“早期社会抛弃了仪式，但是保留了并且喜欢神话故事”之后，再去进行整句话的理解翻译.

如果每天能够用此方法精读1小时，每累积练习10小时，阅读能力就会上升一个台阶。1-2个月过后，阅读能力就会产生质变，做题正确率也将给你一个大大的惊喜.

托福阅读技巧：托福阅读中值得背诵的佳句

1. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mined the desired effect – success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun – as an actor might.

戴着面具身着盛装的人们，经常扮演各种其他人物、动物或超自然生灵，并且作为一个扮演者所能做的，就是期盼一个在狩猎或战役中获胜、降雨的来临，阳光的重现的结果。

2.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.

但是这些事实不能解释这个令人感兴趣的问题，就是为什么在一个特殊的靠近他们出生的地方如此的集中了这么多怀孕的鱼龙。

3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instruments capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance.

十九世纪一系列持续的机械进步，包括踏板的传入、金属结构的完善和钢丝最完美的质量，最后产生了一种能容纳无数音调——从最精致的和弦到一个成熟管弦的声音或从一个清澈的歌声到辉煌的敲击乐的效果——的乐器。

4.Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.

虽然我们习惯于谈到1972年以前的电影是无声的，但用一句完全感性的话来说，电影从来就不是没有声音的。

5.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.

多年以来电影音乐的选择程序完全掌握在导演和音乐督导手中，通常拥有这些权力的主要资格并非是自身的技艺和品味而更多的是因为拥有大量的个人音乐素材库。

6.Rather, they were made of a top layer of woolen or glazed worsted wool fabric, consisting of smooth, compact yarn from long wool fibers, dyed dark blue, green, or brown with a bottom layer of a coarser woolen material, either natural or a shade of yellow.

更进一步，他们是由一个顶层是毛纺或光滑的精纺羊毛织物制作，包含光滑，紧凑的纱线来自长羊毛的纤维染成兰黑色、绿色、或褐色底层含有粗糙天然的和暗黄色的毛纺材料。

7.For good measure, during the spring and summer drought, heat, hail, grasshoppers, and other frustrations might await the weary growers.

在春季和夏季，要精确量度干旱、热量、冰雹、蝗虫和其他损失可能是一件疲劳的事情。

8.What we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits.

我们今天所谓的美国民间艺术，实际上是普通老百姓的艺术、被普通老百姓创造的艺术和为普通老百姓和日常提到的“民间人士”的艺术，是一个他们在社会日渐繁荣和休闲情况下创建的一个包含各种各样尤其是肖像画种类的艺术的市场。

9.The people had no agriculture but, over thousands of years, had developed techniques and equipment to exploit their environment, basing their economy on fishing in streams and coastal waters that teemed with salmon, halibut, and other varieties of fish; gathering abalone, mussels, clams, and other shellfish from the rocky coastline; hunting land and sea mammals; and collecting wild plant foods.

他们没有农业，但是经过几千年，已经发展了探索自身环境的技术和设备。他们是基于大量出现鲑鱼、大比目鱼和其他多种鱼类的自身流域和水岸捕鱼的经济;基于从落基山水岸聚集了鲍鱼、蚌类、蛤和其他贝壳动物的经济;基于捕猎地域和海洋哺乳动物的经济;以及基于收集野生植物的食物的经济。

托福阅读技巧：如何应考托福阅读中的简答题

有些题目能先定位到原文中的一个段落，这必将大大加快解题时间，并提高准确率。但并不是每个题目都能先定位到原文中的一个段落的。题目中如果包含年代、人名、地名、数字，这些词肯定是关键词，因为原文中不会对这些词做改变，而且这些词特别好找，所以依据这些词在原文中确定答案比较快

◆从头到尾快速阅读该段落，根据题目中的其他关键词，确定正确答案。确定一个段落后，答案在该段落中的具体位置是未知的。所以，需要从头到尾快速阅读该段落，确定正确答案。

◆答案要对应题目中的特殊疑问词。

答案必须要对应题目中的特殊疑问词。绝大部分的答案是名词或名词短语，也有少部分是动词或形容词短语。

◆要注意顺序性，即题目的顺序与原文的顺序基本一致。

题目是有顺序性的。第一题的答案应在文章的前部，第二题的答案应在第一题的答案之后。这个规律也有助于确定答案的位置。

题型要求：

每个题目都是一个特殊问句，要求根据原文作出回答。

绝大部分的题目要求有字数限制，一般有如下几种表达方式：

◆ no more than two/three/four words(不超过2/3/4 个字);

◆ one or two words(一个或两个字);

◆ use a maximum of two words(最多两个字)。

有字数限制的，一定要严格按照题目要求去做。少部分的题目要求中没有字数限制，这时，请注意，答案字数也不会很长，一般不会超过四个字。总之，这种题型的答案都是词或短语，很少是句子，所以又叫“短问答”。考试中，A 类和G 类一般都是每次必考，考一组，共三题左右。

篇4：如何突破托福阅读的难点

托福阅读的难点突破点分析

一、托福阅读炮制出的难点分析

ETS煞费心机，潜心钻研，终于使傻瓜机械的老托福有了一副新面孔，上了一个新台阶。难度上已经有所提高，对于考生的语言能力增加了更为客观的测试。

(1)词汇增加，更为学术。新托福文章中学科专业词汇高频出现。以一篇关于树木分类的文章为例，文中提到大量植物学领域的专业词汇，如：dandelions(蒲公英)，tannins(丹宁酸)，crown canopy(树冠)，acorn(橡子),oak(橡树)等等，每一个陌生的词汇就如同一束刺眼的白光，搞得考生眼前一片混沌，头晕眼花，不知文中所云。所以，从词汇角度说，托福难于雅思。

(2)篇幅变长，句式丰富。新托福阅读的写作句型主要集中在因果句，类比句，对照句，比较级和举例子等。很多句子长度跨越4到5行，主语谓语相距甚远，如果考生没有扎实的语法功底，一下子难以把握句子主干。

(3)创新题型，客观考察。ETS除了秉承其单选题的习惯，还增加了独一无二的插句子题，转述句子题和匹配题(此题目与雅思匹配题几乎大同小异)。其中匹配题的定位略有难度，因为答案多是分散在全文的细节，不是一目了然的。转述句子需要考生真正理解原句信息。

(4)屏幕阅读，无法标记。大部分考生习惯于阅读时勾画出句子中的重要单词和连接词，这样有助于理解句子关系，记忆阅读重要信息。但是电脑屏幕阅读冲击了我们的传统习惯，对考生瞬时记忆力提出的更大的挑战!

二、托福考试的突破点剖析

表面看来，新托福犹如猛虎出山，架势仿佛超过雅思难度，让人一下子找不到应对招数。但稍许研琢，会马上眼前一亮而豁然开朗——其实，难词长句只是托福摆出的虚架子，它的出题规律基本依旧，所以，从出题水平上，托福还是败给了严谨狡猾的雅思。

(1)顺序原则，问题易定位。美国人讲究效率和直率的性格完全体现出来了。考官会友善的告诉考生本题在第几行，第几段，或干脆文中用阴影标注，所以在原文定位题目不费吹灰之力。

(2)题型相对单一，规律性强。单选题主要考察：词汇题，指代题，细节解释题，推论题等。其中词汇题基本可以不看上下文，即可根据同义词替代法找答案，节约大量时间。

(3)题目一一对应，可漏读无用信息。考生可以读题、阅读同步进行，可以达到不重复阅读，从而提高作题速度。

总之，托福已不再神秘，不过如此，只要考生能够在词汇上进一步扩充，句子分析能力进一步强化，学会将文章略读和定位法结合，大家还会感到，新托福核心依旧，只是换了身尺寸大一点的外套，难度还是在雅思阅读之下。建议大家可以“雅”为“托”用，将雅思的阅读技巧运用到托福阅读中，一定会感到美国人在应试出题上还是比英国人更加诚实、直接，所以托福阅读没有难过雅思。

考生在托福考试备考的时候一定要事先了解一下类似的问题，这样能够给大家的托福考试带来不小的帮助。

如何攻克托福阅读常见的难点

1.观点给出的不是很直观，甚至说到一半时才知道观点是什么

2.条理不清晰，理由相似，逻辑关系不明鲜

3.吐字模糊，发音不清楚。

这些问题如果解决呢?下面给出一些方法提示。

一、 针对不同的题目，可以利用“通用的句式”来套用，何为通用呢，比如题目是State a good friend who had good enfluences on you，或 one of your favorite friends ...... etc.同一类的问题可以有一个共用的原因就是，很喜欢她的character，还有从achievement,thought 等的方面去讲，这些都是她为什么是你好朋友的共同原因。还有像relax way or good method to keep in good shape...,同样这些也是可以套用的 I pretty like... 或 I have to tell you that it is my best way...所以回答一些比较“难”的话题上，可以用此种方法去套。

二、举例子，是对内容陈述的最好方式，来源于生活中的经历是最容易讲出来的，建议大家平时要养成写日记的习惯，或是随时记录一天中发生“重要”的事情的习惯，这些都是好的口语和写作的最好的素材，善于去积累。从这些实例中去扩展比空无的编故事要好得多。

三、 反答和建议，这是对回答问题技巧上的一个补充。

反答,Ex，some students prefer to live on campus but others like to board out, which opinion do you support?或者题目是do you agree with that students should live outside in stead of being in the dorm?

Answer: some students like to live out of campus but I prefer to live on campus...

建议,Ex，the video game should be refrained for their children?

Answer: I disagree... ... ... children should be given one hour free or once a week for playing the video game

四、 练习，在读完题目后的15秒钟内要在纸上列出两到三个“点”，这里所说的“点”也就是每个原因要陈述的中心词汇，然后在之后的45秒钟进行扩展。练习的内容是对支持的观点要快速反应，写在纸上。

Ex: 1. what are the features you care about when you go to a restaurant or café ?

1.atmosphere---quiet

2.sanitation --- diarrhea---disinfect

3.price---reasonable

4.food ---delicious ---bland ---not greasy

五、从逻辑上去考虑，最好的搭配是分层次，也就是分出at first ,the next, in the end...之间的关系。这样一来条理就更明鲜了。注意之间的关系一定围绕观点去阐述不要改变方向，前后的原因一定要符合逻辑和明晰，简单明了是关键。

Ex,how do you solve the question if you might get , to ask the teacher or deal with it by yourself?

Answer: do it by self ,sometimes teacher won’t be here when i need them to question.(观点明确)

1.usually i can check the note which recorded in the class and look up from books

2. another way to use the internet, lots information can be given which can extend my thought

--this can give the train of ability to my study with independence(层次分明，简而易懂)

六、发音的准确往往是我们最容易忽略的，有些认为说得快就行，但是整体听下录音发音，整体内容显得模糊了。建议先做一下发音的纠正，美音和英音的区别很大，发音纠正了，对听力也是有很大的帮助。有的同学抱怨听力听不懂太快，其中一个原因是因为发音不准，导致头脑中出来的语音与标准的美音有很大差距，建议大家可以做“跟说”训练，就是指听一些音频视频的同时大声地完全模仿，哪怕是连动作也要copy，神行兼备。每天甚少半个小时的模仿。发音应该力求：清晰准确，元音饱满，辅音清浊，鼻音浓重。速度均匀，这样能控制后面说的内容。

上述就是托福口语常见难点的攻克方法，托福口语虽难，但也有方法、技巧可循，坚持这些方法，你会得到意想不到的收获。

怎样缩短托福阅读的时间

我们对一个托福阅读句子的理解，有很多种解释。通常人们看到一个句子，会首先确定单词。所以托福阅读时间很短，快到我们反映不过来，比如The old manthe boat. 这里，眼睛定位单词后，大脑迅速把old man认为是一个名词组。当我们接着看，感觉不对，才会回头去分析这个句子。

应用到托福阅读备考中，各位需要把各个学科的高频词多看一下，比如生物的光合作用、新陈代谢，地理的地壳、X岩石之类的。对各种名词片语、动词片语进行修饰的形容词，副词。说起来很多，其实各位有坚持做老托真题和新托的黄金23篇，可以发现这些词语重复率很高。

另外，人对句子的理解是线性的。语言能力越差的(比如小孩子)，只能理解句子的越前面，造成理解错误。(此理论仅限英语。中文不行，其他各种语言本人水平有限，不知道)从小孩子的实验来看，3到5岁的小孩理解句子只能记住前面部分。比如：Put the frog on the red paper in the box.小孩子会把青蛙放到红纸上。这里可以看到，他们阅读的时候把句子意思理解错了，没有看完。但是，非常有趣的现象是，这句话我们说给小孩子听的时候，100%的小孩子都做出了正确的选择 - 即把红纸上的青蛙装到了盒子里。

语言学给出了我们解释，影响人们认知句子的，还有语音。根据这个实验，再结合平时我自己的情况，我推出了一个有理论依据的猜测： 阅读时候习惯读出声来的，会让你对句子的理解偏靠语音!从而让你对直接托福阅读句子的能力下降!很多人肯定喜欢边阅读边读，感觉这样可以加深理解。我同意，但是，如果你花了30分钟在阅和读上，那至少再花30分钟在阅上!不能让读的时间超过你看的时间。

就像我以前一样，喜欢边看边读，结果习惯了，看文章的时候，眼睛已经定位一个比较长的词语，很熟悉很熟悉，但是语音还没读到那个单词上，我的思维就卡住了，直到我读出了那个单词，我才知道这个单词的意思。 这里可以看到，我已经对语音很依赖了!这个现象非常危险。

朗读的速度太慢了，浪费时间。而且ETS给出的文章中有大量故意制造的难句，就像刚才的例子：The old man the boat，肯定要导致你回头重读。你的时间是不够的。

在托福阅读备考中进行审题时，千万不要边看边读，或边看边读的时间超过了托福阅读时间，考生要学会自己合适控制阅读时间。

篇5：教你突破托福阅读推理题

托福阅读推理题如何解答

阅读推理题一般可以分为三种：

1、一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。

2、时间对比推理：也就是有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。

3、集合概念推理：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：

例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involvedinnonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war，withsome of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation，manufacturing， and trade and distribution.

What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economyafterthe Civil War?

(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.

(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.

(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.

(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.

文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降，所以(B)为正确答案。

再看完以上的例子后，相信大家可以对推理题目有了大概的认识。建议大家可以在做托福阅读时，对推理题多加留意，加以使用解题方法，看看能否帮助大家来应对题目的完成。

托福阅读：推理题例题解题方法

托福阅读考试是托福考试当中的第一个部分，托福阅读题型包括词汇题，指代题，句子简化题，句子插入题，细节题，否定信息题，推理题，作者目的题，小结题和图表填空题。

本期主要给大家介绍一下托福推理题以及它的解题方法。

托福阅读题型：推理题例题解题方法：

. Inference questions 推理题

推理题的标志是在题干中出现infer/imply/suggest/indicate/most likely 这样的词汇，它和细节题属于同源题目，都需要定位并且根据文中信息来选择答案。与细节题不同的是，推理题在找到原文中定位点之后考察的是学生对于文中信息的总结概括，或者反向推理的能力。我们来看一道例题，

It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke3 and blowhole4 cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

○It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like

○There were great numbers of them.

○They lived in the sea only.

○They did not leave many fossil remains.

首先我们来对题目的出题范围进行定位，题干的blowhole可以作为定位词汇，定位到原文的第四句话：“However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.”在这句话里交代了“unlike the casess of sea otters”，即与sea otters不一样的是，whales的陈述是：it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.即，不容易看出第一头鲸长什么样子。而sea ottter是和鲸鱼相反，所以选择A选项，即不难看出第一头sea otter长什么样子。所以实际上，这种题目虽然叫做推理题，但是并不需要同学们在做题的时候推的过远，基本考察的还是对原文信息概括和总结的能力。

托福阅读题型之推理题的解题方法你了解了吗?我相信这次举例说明多多少少都能够帮助到你。最后希望大家能够好好的复习托福阅读，做好新托福考试当中的第一部分。

托福阅读推断题总结

推论题(Inference)：文章中有些论点/观点没有明确阐述，但却强烈暗示出来了。例如，文章论述的结果引出了，推论题就可能就造成结果的起因提问。如果文中有比较，推论题就可能问做比较的基础是什么。如果文中有对某一新现象的明确阐述，推论题就可能要求推论旧现象的特征。推论题虽然是传统题型，但难度很大，需要考生花大功夫准备。

例题：Passage：…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century， a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils， so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles…

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?

a)They did not smoke when they were burned.

b)They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.

c)They were not available to all.

d)They contained sulfuric acid.

正确答案是C.这一段的第一句就告诉我们：19世纪的一些新发明和发现也对蜡烛工业产生了一次巨大的革命，这次革命使得所有的人都使用上了照明。从这句话中我们可以得到两层信息：19世纪蜡烛工业有了一次革命性的变化;在没有这次变革之前，也就是在19世纪以前，照明并不是所有人都能使用的。因为作者在谈论的是蜡烛的变革，所以这里所说的“lighting照明”一定是与蜡烛有关的照明，其实也就是告诉我们19世纪以前并不是所有人都能够使用到蜡烛带来的照明，这一推论出的信息正好与选项C吻合。

文章第一句同时也是一个时间的分水岭，告诉我们19世纪蜡烛工业的变革是怎么样的。“在19世纪早期到中期，蜡烛处理工艺使用alkali和sulfuric acid来提炼tallow，提炼后的产品就是stearin，stearin比未经提炼的tallow坚硬而且燃烧得更久。这一巨大的变化意味着制造出不产生烟和rancid味道的蜡烛是可能的。”在这里的一个关键词是rancid，意思是(油脂食物，其味道、气味)不新鲜的;腐臭的;正好与选项b的pleasant odor相反。19世纪前的蜡烛产生usual smoke(经常有烟)，这与选项a相反。Sulfuric acid是19世纪用来处理fallow的材料，在19世纪以前是没有使用的，这与选项d相反。

以上是新托福阅读中推论题的全方位解析，考生们在备考托福阅读时要养成“边读边记”的习惯，会让阅读效率大大提高。最后小编祝大家考试顺利!

篇6：新托福阅读多长时间

新托福阅读多长时间

托福阅读做多长时间最合适?

新托福阅读考试分为无阅读加试和有阅读加试两种。

无阅读加试的情况下，共有3篇文章，分为两个部分，第一部分为独立的1篇文章，考试时间为20分钟;第二部分为两篇文章，考试时间为40分钟，期间这两篇文章的考试时间可以自由分配。总体考试时间为两部分之和，即60分钟。

有阅读加试的情况下，在已有的3篇文章及60分钟答题时间的基础上，再加两篇文章，并作为一个部分，共计40分钟，加试期间的两篇文章的考试时间依然可以自由分配。总体考试时间为三部分之和，即100分钟。

变化之前考试时间比较死板，第一篇文章必须在20分钟以内做完，等到第一篇文章做完后才能继续在后40分钟做后面两篇文章，有加试的考生还必须等把第二次的两篇文章做完后，才能继续做加试部分的题，如果各部分超过时间还没有做完的题，就不能算入成绩。变化之后考试时间更为灵活，没有加试的考生有60分钟的考试时间做三篇文章，有加试的考生有80分钟的时间做四篇文章，没有强制规定先做哪篇后做哪篇。

提醒各位同学：考试做第一篇文章，不要超20分钟。

托福阅读时间分配方法

方法一：

用5分钟阅读整篇文章，形成对文章结构和关键内容的大致理解。剩下15分钟从第一题开始做到最后一题，先文后题：即先看每一段，然后解决对应的题目。

优点：

1.对于文章的整体感有一定的把握，对于看懂的信息容易建立自信。

2.有利于解决少数与段落主题有关的题目。

缺陷：

1.不能在规定时间内完成;

2.记不住段落的内容，做题时仍需返回段落，重新定位到具体的某句话来寻找答案。

3.做最后一题时，仍需重新阅读文章，因为距第一遍阅读文章已经时隔了十几分钟，不可能记得很清楚;或者凭借先前阅读后的大致印象选择答案，感觉没底。

方法二：

用7分钟阅读整篇文章，直接做最后一题。剩下的13分钟从第一题做到倒数第二题。

优点：

1.对于做最后一题有一定的好处，因为刚刚读完印象还在。

2.对于文章的整体感有一定的把握，对于看懂的信息容易建立自信。

缺陷：

1.最后一题的正确选项通常与第一题至倒数第二题中的某些题有一定在关联性，消耗了不必要的时间。

2.做第一题至倒数第二题的时间非常紧迫，每道题(除了词汇题)几乎都是草草一笔带过，无法确保题目的正确率。

方法三：

用15分钟做第一题至倒数第二题，先题后文：即读题目根据关键词定位到段落中的某句话，然后比对这句话和选项的含义，最后选出答案。剩下5分钟做最后一题。

优点：

1.保证了绝大多数题目的正确率。

2.确保在规定时间内完成。

缺陷：

1.需要掌握简化后的解题方法，即上完强化班之后需要把习得的技巧进行简化后才能应用于实战。

2.对于第一题至倒数第二题中个别与全文结构或主题有关的题目不能在第一时间做出判断，只能放到做完最后一题之后完成，增加了考生的心理负担和翻页的时间损耗。

托福阅读TPO31第3篇:Savanna Formation

【1】Located in tropical area at low altitudes, savannas are stable ecosystems, some wet and some dry consisting of vast grasslands with scattered tree or shrubs. They occur on a wide range of soil types and in extremes of climate. There is no simple or single factor that determines if a given site will be a savanna, but some factors seem to play important roles in their formation.

【2】Savannas typically experience a rather prolonged dry season. One theory behind savanna formation is that wet forest species are unable to withstand the dry season, and thus savanna, rather than rain forest, is favored on the site. Savannas experience an annual rainfall of between 1000 and millimeters, most of it falling in a five-to-eight month wet season. Though plenty of rain may fall on a savanna during the year, for at least part of the year little does, creating the drought stress ultimately favoring grasses. Such conditions prevail throughout much of northern South America and Cuba, but many Central American savannas as well as coastal areas of Brazil and the island of Trinidad do not fit this pattern. In these areas, rainfall per month exceeds that in the above definition, so other factors must contribute to savanna formation.

【3】In many characteristics, savanna soils are similar to those of some rain forests, though more extreme. For example, savanna soils, like many rain forest soils, are typically oxisols (dominated by certain oxide minerals) and ultisols (soils containing no calcium carbonate), with a high acidity notably low concentrations of such minerals as phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and potassium, while aluminum levels are high. Some savannas occur on wet, waterlogged soils; other dry, sandy, well-drained soils. This many seem contradictory, but it only means that extreme soil conditions, either too wet or too dry for forests, are satisfactory for savannas. More moderate conditions support moist forests.

【4】Waterlogged soils occur in areas that are flat or have poor drainage. These soils usually contain large amounts of clay and easily become water-saturated. Air cannot penetrate between the soil particles, making the soil oxygen-poor. By contrast, dry soils are sandy and porous, their coarse textures permitting water to drain rapidly. Sandy soils are prone to the leaching of nutrients and minerals and so tend to be nutritionally poor. Though most savannas are found on sites with poor soils (because of either moisture conditions or nutrient levels of both), poor soils can and do support lush rain forest.

【5】Most savannas probably experience mild fires frequently and major burns every two years or so. Many savanna and dry-forest plant species are called pyrophytes, meaning they are adapted in various ways to withstand occasional burning. Frequent fire is a factor to which rain forest species seem unable to adapt, although ancient charcoal remains from Amazon forest soils dating prior to the arrival of humans suggest that moist forests also occasionally burn. Experiments suggest that if fire did not occur in savannas in the Americas, species composition would change significantly. When burning occurs, it prevents competition among plant species from progressing to the point where some species exclude others, reducing the overall diversity of the ecosystem. But in experimental areas protected from fire, a few perennial grass species eventually come to dominate, outcompeting all others. Evidence from other studies suggests that exclusion of fire results in markedly decreased plant-species richness, often with an increase in tree density. There is generally little doubt that fire is a significant factor in maintaining savanna, certainly in most regions.

【6】On certain sites, particularly in South America, savanna formation seems related to frequent cutting and burning of moist forests for pastureland. Increase in pastureland and subsequent overgrazing have resulted in an expansion of savanna. The thin upper layer of humus (decayed organic matter) is destroyed by cutting and burning. Humus is necessary for rapid decomposition of leaves by bacteria and fungi and for recycling by surface roots. Once the humus layer disappears, nutrients cannot be recycled and leach from the soil, converting soil from fertile to infertile and making it suitable only for savanna vegetation. Forests on white, sandy soil are most susceptible to permanent alteration.

1.The word ”prolonged“ in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.predictable.

B.destructive.

C.lengthy.

D.unproductive.

2.In paragraph 2，the author mentions savannas in Central America, Brazil, and the island of Trinidad in order to

A.argue that these savannas are similar to those in South America and Cuba.

B.point out exceptions to the pattern of savanna formation in areas with drought stress.

C.provide additional examples of savannas in areas with five- to eight-month wet seasons.

D.indicate areas where savannas are being gradually replaced by rain forests.

3.According to paragraph 3, rain forests and savannas differ in that

A.the soils in rain forests contain fewer minerals than savanna soils do.

B.savannas affect soil conditions more than rain forests do.

C.unlike rain forests, savannas prefer sandy, well-drained soils to soils that are very wet.

D.unlike rain forests, savannas may develop under both very dry and very wet soil conditions.

4.The word ”notably“ in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.similarly.

B.especially.

C.usually.

D.relatively.

5.According to paragraph 3, all of the following are true of savanna soils EXCEPT

A.They have high concentrations of potassium.

B.They contain high levels of aluminum.

C.They are very acidic.

D.They contain large amounts of certain oxide minerals.

6.According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of waterlogged soils?

A.Their upper layers are usually sandy and porous.

B.They cannot support savannas.

C.They contain little oxygen.

D.They are prone to the leaching of nutrients and minerals.

7.The fact that ”poor soils can and do support lush rain forest“ suggests that

A.poor soils alone may not be enough to explain why an area becomes a savanna.

B.rain forest vegetation can significantly lower the quality of soils.

C.drought stress is the single most important factor in savanna formation.

D.minerals are more important than moisture for the growth of trees.

8.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.Rain forest species seem unable to adapt to fires created by humans.

B.Ancient charcoal remains suggest that, prior to the arrival of humans, fires occurred frequently in rain forests.

C.Ancient charcoal remains in Amazon forests suggest that rain forest species adapted to the area long before the arrival of humans.

D.Rain forest species appear unable to adapt to frequent fires, but evidence from the past suggests that rain forests sometimes do burn.

9.The word ”markedly“ in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.dangerously.

B.noticeably.

C.rapidly.

D.gradually.

10.Paragraph 5 supports which of the following statements regarding the importance of fires in maintaining savannas?

A.Fires prevent the growth of pyrophytes.

B.Fires eliminate some species and thus reduce the overall diversity of the ecosystem.

C.Fires that occur once every two years are unlikely to help maintain savannas.

D.Fires prevent some species from eliminating other species with which they compete.

11.The word ”subsequent“ in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.expanded in area.

B.harmful.

C.following in time.

D.repeated.

12.According to paragraph 6，human activity affects soils in all of the following ways EXCEPT

A.Decomposition of leaves occurs too fast for surface roots to obtain nutrients.

B.Nutrients are not recycled.

C.Humus is destroyed.

D.Certain soils become unable to support vegetation other than savanna vegetation.

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? In addition, humans have contributed to the conditions favoring the formation of savannas.

Most savannas probably experience mild fires frequently and major burns every two years or so. Many savanna and dry-forest plant species are called pyrophytes, meaning they are adapted in various ways to withstand occasional burning. Frequent fire is a factor to which rain forest species seem unable to adapt, although ancient charcoal remains from Amazon forest soils dating prior to the arrival of humans suggest that moist forests also occasionally burn. Experiments suggest that if fire did not occur in savannas in the Americas, species composition would change significantly. When burning occurs, it prevents competition among plant species from progressing to the point where some species exclude others, reducing the overall diversity of the ecosystem. But in experimental areas protected from fire, a few perennial grass species eventually come to dominate, outcompeting all others. ■【A】 Evidence from other studies suggests that exclusion of fire results in markedly decreased plant-species richness, oftenwithan increase in tree density. ■【B】 There is generally little doubt that fire is a significant factor in maintaining savanna, certainly in most regions.■【C】 On certain sites, particularly in South America, savanna formation seems related to frequent cutting and burning of moist forests for pastureland. ■【D】 Increase in pastureland and subsequent overgrazing have resulted in an expansion of savanna. The thin upper layer of humus (decayed organic matter) is destroyed by cutting and burning. Humus is necessary for rapid decomposition of leaves by bacteria and fungi and for recycling by surface roots. Once the humus layer disappears, nutrients cannot be recycled and leach from the soil, converting soil from fertile to infertile and making it suitable only for savanna vegetation. Forests on white, sandy soil are most susceptible to permanent alteration.

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passages or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Several factors seem to play important roles in savanna formation.

A.Savannas can form in areas with a five- to eight-month wet season, but they more commonly have a

B.Soil stress caused by drought, extreme moisture, or low nutrient levels favors the formsticm of

C.Studies conducted in various regions indicate that an upper layer of white, sandy, soil is

D.Drought stress affects trees and shrubs in savannas far less than it affects savanna grasses.

E.Frequent fire is a major factor contributing to the formation and maintenance of

F.In some areas, human cutting and burning is associated with savanna formation, and

托福阅读答案

1.可以根据词根分析，原文中prolonged，词根为long，长度。Prolonged为延长的。选项中C，length本来是长度的意思，lengthy变为形容词格式，符合原词词义。

2.以 savannas in Central America, Brazil, and the island of Trinidad作为关键词定位到原文，看到这半句和前 半句中间有but的转折，那么也就是说central America，Brazil这些地方和前面介绍的不一样，所以是例外情况。

3.本段第一句就指出，rain forest和savannas的土壤是相似的，但是更极端一点。后面就给了examples。最后一句 给出了两种土壤的总结”this may seem….Either too wet or too dry for forests“ 所以选 D。

4.Notably从notice发展而来，以为显著的，因此选择B。另外也可通过and的并列格式来推断。

5.这一题对应for example后面的内容，A直接和红色标注部分矛盾，因此是要选的except的选项。

6.A对于”by contrast…“那一句，sandy soil和waterlogged soils 是相反的。B 与原文矛盾，上段最后就说要么很干要么很湿，waterlogged 就是很湿的那种。C对于那个 making the soil oxygen-poor。D对应” Sandy soils are prone to .....“，而不是选项中说的 waterlogged soils的特征。

7.这句话说虽然几乎全部 的savannas都发生在poor soils之上，但是poor soils足以支撑茂盛的热带雨林。所以是转折，说明poor soils不是唯一决定了savannas的因素， 还有别的。

8.原句主干是说frequent fire是造成热带雨林不能形成的原因，即使在人类出现之前亚马逊雨林也出现过偶尔的 燃烧。所以D是意思最完整的。可根据转折关系来判断。

9.根据词根判断，原词词根为mark意为标注，跟选项中B的notice意思相近，所以选B。

10.对应部分从but in experimental areas protected from fire开始，后面的内容都对其重要性进行了解释，如果没有火来保持savannas，那么就很少有perennial grass species可以outcompeting其他的种类，从而减少了plant-species的丰富，而树的密度则会更大。对应了 D的描述。

11.subsequence是后果的意思，subsequent就是后来，然后的意思。因此选择C。

12.human activity包括了cutting and burning，然后这句的后面，从''increase....''开始就是后果。先说humus is destroyed，对应 C，然后 humus 对于decomposition是非常必 要的，而 human activity destroy了humus，所以减慢了decomposition，和A矛盾。 后面说 nutrients cannot被recycled，对应了B。converting那一句对应了D。

13.要插入的句子描述的是 savannas的形成原因，并且开头是in addition，证明是对前面句子的补充，前面句子说的应该是savannas形成的原因之一，对应了第二句。并且第三空后面的句子提到了cutting和burning，这些都是human activity。所以选 C。

14.BEF

篇7：新托福阅读有几篇

托福阅读有几篇?托福考试阅读部分的正常题目量应该是3篇文章，如果遇到托福阅读加试题，一般会比正常的3篇+加试2篇，即总共五篇文章。

托福阅读考试多长时间?

前三篇文章时间总计60分钟。第一篇20分钟倒计时，第二、三篇一起倒计时，共40分钟，即20+40=60分钟。但如果遇到托福阅读加试题，考生将会在做了3篇文章后被要求再做2篇，计时 40分钟，这样阅读部分总共计时为20+40+40=100分钟。

托福阅读总结题六步答题方法

下面先解析一下题目要求：

An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.

注意这样三点：第一，要选择三个选项来完成summary(总结)，第二，已经有一句summary提供出来了，第三，错误选项是细节信息或者错误信息。

那么其实最重要的是要分析原文的重点信息以及区别细节，辨别错误信息。

但大多数的同学在完成前13道的时候并没有注意段落的大意，所以在总结题时候只能靠印象去完成，那么如何去总结段落大意呢?接下来我我们梳理一下注意事项。

1. 重视标题

2. 重视首段尾句，尤其是问号句，转折句，总结句，列举句

3. 重视段落的第1-2句，尤其是抽象概括词汇句(explanation，theory，consequences)，以及并列，让步

4. 重视段落逻辑词，如因果转折并列，尤其是段尾转折和并列

5. 重视段尾总结句

6. 重视否定题，目的题。

首先，重视标题。标题具有一定的指导意思，有的表示直接是含有问题类型的，如Which Hand Did They Use? 有标题体现动作型的，如The Formation of Volcanic Islands ， The Origins of Agriculture，The Decline of Venetian Shipping。有A and B型的，如Railroad and Commercial Agriculture in Nineteenth century，Energy and the Industrial Revolution，有名词复数型，如 Characteristics of Roman Pottery。问题型的重点内容肯定是对问题的回答，动作型是按时间顺序去分析如何完成或者动作的原因结果，A and B型一般会说两者的关系或者两者对比，名词复数就更好说了，文章内部的段落是按照并列结构来展开。

第二，重视段落尾句，段落尾句时常会出现比较概括的或者启下的句子，给我们指明了全文的重点，也可以是预判下文重点的一句。

TPO18-1:首段尾句it is important to understand the sources of their success.

本句启示下文，根据抽象词sources分析，下文表达成功的来源(原因)

TPO20-1: Why were these hundreds of thousands of settlers drawn away from the cleared fields and established cities and villages of the East?

本句启示下文，此句是问句，预判下文讨论原因

TPO21-2: How did it come about that farming developed independently in a number of world centersat more or less the same time?

本句启示下文，此句是问句，预判下文讨论原因

TPO21-3：What factors are responsible for this developmental turning point?

本句启示下文，此句是问句，预判下文讨论原因

第三，重视段落的第1-2句，绝大多数的阅读文章是总分结构，所以首句会是全段的中心。

TPO22-1: 第三段段首句，Spartina is an exceedingly competitive plant. 下文解释植物如何competitive。

第四段段首句，These characteristics make Spartina a valuable component of the estuaries where it occurs naturally.本句含有概括单词 characteristics ，且是复数形式，下文解释植物的什么特点使它如何valuable。

TPO21-3: 第二段段首句：Perhaps the explanation goes back to some ideas raised by，本句子含有概括单词explanation，ideas，下文解释ideas。

TPO30-1: 第三段段首句： Play is not without considerable costs to the individual animal.本句含有概括词汇costs，且是复数形式，下文解释play的代价。

第四第五，重视段落内部的逻辑词，如段落内部含有another等表示并列的词汇，那么本段是列举的结构，尽量把列举的点记下来，如段落内部含有thus等表示因果的词汇，说明thus后面为结论，结论则是段落的重点内容，而非细节。如段尾处含有转折，则表示本段后面部分是对前面的反驳，则尽量记住反驳的点。如下：

The benefits of play must outweigh costs, or play would not have evolved, according to Darwin' s theory. Some of the potential benefits relate directly to the healthy development of the brain and nervous system. In one research study, two groups of young rats were raised under different conditions. One group developed in an ”enriched“ environment, which allowed the rats to interact with other rats, play with toys, and receive maze training. The other group lived in an ”impoverished" environment in individual cages in a dimly lit room with little stimulation. At the end of the experiments, the results showed that the actual weight of the brains of the impoverished rats was less than that of those raised in the enriched environment (though they were fed the same diets). Other studies have shown that greater stimulation not only affects the size of the brain but also increase the number of connections between the nerve cells. Thus, active play may provide necessary stimulation to the growth of synaptic connections in the brain, especially the cerebellum, which is responsible for motor functioning and movements.

首句+两个并列句+段尾等于全段的总结。

第六，重视其它题型对于段落总结的指导意义。

一段出现否定题说明对应的段落多数应该是并列的结构，那么基本在完成否定题的时候就已经将文章的大意把握住了，所以否定题题目和选项可以重点记住。如下

Paragraph 2: Medieval Europe gave new importance to reliable time. The Catholic Church had its seven daily prayers, one of which was at night, requiring an alarm arrangement to waken monks before dawn. And then the new cities and towns, squeezed by their walls, had to know and order time in order to organize collective activity and ration space. They set a time to go to sleep. All this was compatible with older devices so long as there was only one authoritative timekeeper; but with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals, discrepancy brought discord and strife. Society needed a more dependable instrument of time measurement and found it in the mechanical clock.

2. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are examples of the importance of timekeeping to medieval European society EXCEPT

○ the need of different towns to coordinate timekeeping with each other

○ the setting of specific times for the opening and closing of markets

○ the setting of specific time for the start and finish of the working day

○ the regulation of the performance of daily church rituals

本段重点在表达中世纪的欧洲认为时间很重要(和否定题目一致)且体现在了很多方面，哪些方面呢，看选项(有一个是错误，三个对的，这个要先辨别好)。

目的题同理，不过多赘述。

另：

小结题选项确定对应一段的则选，确定不是的则排除，也可以待定，然后再分析待定选项。

细节和内容错误都可能出现

两选项同属于一段尽量二选一(不是百分之百)

多数选项对应一段，也有半段或者两段

词汇概括的选中的几率大一些，文章在讲动物，一个选项再叨叨一个猴子的事情，多半是细节没跑了。

不要只看词汇是概括的，注意选型句子的主干，可能主干是一些很细节的词汇。

看完的同学去做题吧，方法看完要记得练习啊!!!

篇8：新托福阅读有几篇

托福阅读复习中，大家可以多参考往期的考试真题回忆，这有利于我们更好地掌握一些相关文章的背景知识，对于接下来的考试也是有很大的帮助的。为大家整理了最新的9月2日的托福阅读考试题目，供大家参考。

托福阅读考试日期：

2018年9月2日

新托福阅读题目回忆：

Differences of Biodiversity in geographical patterns

赤道地区和温带地区物种的多样性是不同的，热带地区物种多样性要比温带好很多，然后举了很多物种的例子;有很多理论提出来解释这个现象。第一个理论是：热带地区接受的光照和降水要比温带地区多很多，意味着reproduce material 也要多很多，有助于植物的reproduce， reproductive的速度也好高很多，有利于多种生物的生存，但是温带地区就要少很多。举了很多例子。第二个理论是：热带地区气候比较稳定;有利于多种多样动植物的进化和发展在一个比较持续稳定的环境中进行，没有干扰和中断;但是温带地区气候季节变化比较大，很多生物要存活下来要能够忍受极端的寒冷，还举了间冰期的例子。所以物种的存活和进化需要很长的时间。热带地区比温带地区持续的区间范围大。热带地区是沿着赤道向南北延伸，是一个整块的连续的地理范围，但是温带地区是分别分散在北半球和南半球的。同时因为热带地区温度较高，所以parasite 比较多，这样就不利于同一种单一植物大范围的生长，扩大了同种植物的地理间隔;而温带地区因为冬季会杀死一部分植物，所以很多植物是单一物种集中生长的。 热带地区任何一个canopy都可能是一个community,环境适合多种生物生长，但是温带地区则不然。

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