全日制工程硕士英语研究生1

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全日制工程硕士英语研究生1

如题：全日制工程硕士英语研究生英语读写教程，主编吴树敬，清华大学出版社。

说明：

1、分享为学习所用。

2、有些段落删减了。

3、为网络翻译，自行取舍。

第一单元

1On a sunny day last January,people flocked to Las Vegas to zip around a parking lot in small vehicles that looked more like colorful eggs than ordinary cars.The automobiles were electric,rolled on two wheels instead of four and held only two passengers.Thanks to their tiny size,six of the vehicles would fit in a parking spot.If the idea of parking such a small car makes you nervous,don't worry：These cars can park themselves,and return to their owners,when summoned by a button on a cell phone. 1去年1月，在一个阳光明媚的日子里，人们成群结队地涌向拉斯维加斯的一个停车场，开着看起来比普通汽车更像彩色鸡蛋的小型汽车。这些汽车是电动的，用两个轮子而不是四个轮子滚动，而且只能载两个乘客。由于体积小，一个停车位就能容纳6辆车。如果停这么一辆小车的想法让你感到紧张，不要担心:这些车可以自己停车，当手机上的一个按钮召唤时，它们就会回到主人身边。2Scientists and engineers are finding new ways to make cars safer,smarter and more efficient,or use less energy.New cars may help you keep track of your health by reminding you to take medication.If ifs electric,your car may send you a text reminding you to plug it in.Cars will talk to other cars,your computer,your phone and almost any other device.They of the,ll help drivers save energy,watch out for other drivers and avoid pedestrians. 2科学家和工程师们正在寻找新的方法，使汽车更安全、更智能、更高效，或使用更少的能源。新车可以提醒你吃药，从而帮助你跟踪自己的健康状况。如果是电动的，你的车可能会发短信提醒你插上电源。汽车将与其他汽车、你的电脑、你的电话以及几乎任何其他设备对话。他们会帮助司机节约能源，美国友邦保险注意其他司尹钟龙机和避开行人。3Google is well known for its Internet search engine,but last year the company hit the highway.It sent a fleet of six self driving cars into the world.Each wore a contraption on the top that looked like a wide metal headband topped by a small,spinning cylinder.People rode inside,but only to give directions and ensure that the car ran correctly. 谷歌以其互联网搜索引擎而闻名，但去年该公司走上了高速公路。它向世界派出了6辆自动驾驶汽车。每个人头上都戴着一个精巧的装置，看起来像一个宽大的金属发带，上面还有一个小的旋转圆筒。人们坐在车里，但只是为了给人指路，并确保汽车正常行驶。4The company wasn't just showing off.Google's researchers have safety in mind,and the computer programs behind these cars are designed to turn roads into safer places.A computerized car,they say,won't be distracted by phone calls or iPods.Using video cameras,radar sensors and lasers,the cars detect other autos and obstacles,which can help avoid crashes.Around the world each year,traffic accidents kill more than one million people and injure 50million others." 谷歌的研究人员考虑到了安全问题，这些汽车背后的电脑程序被设计成让道路变得更安全。他们说，电脑控制的汽车不会因为电话或ipod而分心。通过使用摄像机、雷达传感器和激光，这些汽车可以探测到其他汽车和障碍物，从而帮助避免撞车。每年在世界各地，交通事故造成超过100万人死亡，5000万人受伤。5Until recently,the idea of a car that drives itself could be found only in science fiction.In the early 1980s,the television show Knight Rider,featured a talking,thinking,bulletproof car named KITT.In episode after episode,the main character jumped in the car,gave some instructions and off they'd go to fight crime and solve mysteries. 直到最近，汽车自动驾驶的想法还只能在科幻小说中找到。20世纪80年代初，电视节目《霹雳骑士》(Knight Rider)中有一辆会说话hdmi转vga、会思考、名叫凯特的防弹汽车。在一集又一集的剧情中，主角跳上车，给了一些指示，然后就出发去打击犯罪，解决谜团。6In the real world,safety is the name of the game.Andre Platzer,a computer scientist at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh,points out that driverless trains have been running safely for years.In Detroit,an automated train has been shuttling people through downtown since 1987.At airports like the Denver International Airport,automated trains take people to their planes.In some ways,trains have it easy：They move only forward or backward,accelerating or braking.Building automated cars is a more complicated project. 在现实世界中，安全才是最重要的。匹兹堡卡内基梅隆大学(Carnegie Mellon University)的计算机科学家安德烈·普拉策(Andre Platzer)指出，无人驾驶列车已经安全运行多年了。在底特律，自1987年以来，一辆自动列车一直在市中心运送乘客。在丹佛国际机场(Denver International Airport)等机场，自动化火车把人们送到他们的飞机上。在某些方面，火车很容易做到:它们只前进或后退，加速或刹车。建造自动汽车是一个更为复杂的项目。7"A car has lots of decisions,not just going forward and backward,"Platzer says."You can always steer left and riguht,or steer left and right a little bit or a lot.There are other cars around,and then there are pedestrians,and all of a sudden the traffic light changes to red and all these other things. “一辆车有很多的决证券投资学定，不只是前进和后退，”普拉策说。“你可以左转右转，或者左转右转一点，或者多左转右转一点。周围有其他车辆，然后又有行人，然后交通灯突然变成红色，诸如此类。8A car that drives itself must know what other cars are doing, which means managing a lot of information.At Carnegie Mellon, Platzer and his colleagues write computer programs that test the safety of self-driving cars.He says that self-driving cars will probably not be available to buy and use within the next few years,but they*re getting closer.Already,some new cars come with automatic braking systems and warnings that alert drivers to dangerous situations. 一辆自动驾驶的汽车必须知道其他汽车在做什么，这意味着管理大量信。在卡内基梅隆大学，Platzer和他的同事们编写了测试自动驾驶汽车安全性的计算机程序。他说，在未来几年内，无人驾驶汽车可能还无法购买和使用，但它们离我们越来越近了。一些新车已经配备了自动刹车系统和警告，提醒司机注意危险情况。9Platzer says that piece by piece,driverless technology is arriving.<4We need to gain some experience and build in some safety technology and make sure people can rely on this,"he says." If I want to sit in the car and read my newspa珍珑棋局per and drink my coffee and not watch the road,then thafs something I can do only if I have enough trust in the system to handle all of the different situations in a reliable and safe way." Platzer说，无人驾驶技术正在一点一点地到来。<4我们需要积累一些经验，引进一些安全技术，确保人们可以依赖这些技术。如果我想坐在车里看报纸、喝咖啡，而不是看路，那只有在我对这个系统有足够的信任，能以可靠和安全的方式处理所有不同的情况时，我才能做到。”16At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,or MIT,in Cambridge,scientists have designed AIDA,which stands for Affective Intelligent Driving Assistant.AIDA is a small,white robot with glowing blue eyes that sits on the dashboard,watching the driver.The robot gives directions and uses a video camera to watch your face and recognize your emotions.It will try 科员工资to cheer you up when you're in a bad mood.AIDA also communicates with the world outside and helps you choose routes to avoid traffic jams or accidents. 位于剑桥的麻省理工学院(MIT)的科学家们设计出了一款AIDA(意为“情感智能驾驶助手”)。阿依达是一个小小的白色机器人，有着闪闪发光的蓝眼睛，它坐在仪表盘上看着司机。这个机器人会给出方向，并使用摄像机观察你的脸，识别你的情绪。当你心情不好的时候，它会让你高兴起来。AIDA还可以与外界沟通，帮助您选择路线，避免交通堵塞或事故。17Ford Motor Co.wants to let cars help out with a person's health.The car's onboard computer will communicate with medical devices,like a glucose monitor worn by a diabetic person.People with diabetes have to watch what they eat because their bodies have a hard time keeping sugar,or glucose,in balance.If blood sugar levels get too low,a person could become disoriented —or even pass out.Soon,Ford's cars might help drivers keep track of their body chemistry. 福特汽车公司(Ford Motor co .)想让汽车帮助人的健康。车内的计算机将与医疗设备进行通信，比如糖尿病患者佩戴的葡萄糖监测器。糖尿病患者必须注意他们的饮食，因为他们的身体很难保持糖或葡萄糖的平衡。如果血糖水平过低，一个人可能会迷失方向，甚至晕倒。很快，福特的汽车可能会帮助司机追踪他们身体的化学反应。18”I'm still not in the habit of that,"says Pudar,the VicePresident of Business Strategy for OnStar,which helps cars made by GM communicate wirelessly with the world.Pudar drives a Chevy Volt,which is mostly powered by electricity instead of gasoline.If Pudar forgets to plug in his car,at 10p.m.,it calls to remind him.That way,he won' t be stranded with a dead battery the next morning. 我现在还没有这样的习惯，”帮助通用汽车公司生产的汽车与世界无线通信的安吉星公司商业战略副总裁帕达尔说。帕达尔驾驶的是雪佛兰伏特，它主要由电力驱动，而不是汽油。如果普达尔忘了给车充电，晚上10点。它会提醒他。这样，第二天早上他就不会因为电池没电而困在那里了。19When we flip a switch and the light comes on,we don't think about where the energy comes from.Pudar says the electricity supply is like a box that makes rope,with a little rope hanging out the side.When you use electricity,its like pulling rope out of the box.The more you need,the faster you pull the rope,and the harder the rope-making box has to work to provide rope."Every box has a limit,and if you pull too fast,too hard,it can't keep up," Pudar says."That's a blackout. 当我们按下开关，灯就亮了，我们不去想能量从哪里来。普达尔说，电力供应就像一个制作绳子的盒子，边上挂着一根小绳子。当你用电的时候，就像把绳子从盒子里拉出来一样。你需要的越多，你拉绳的速度就越快，制绳箱也就越难提供绳子。“每个盒子都有一个限制，如果你拉得太快，太用力，它就跟不上了，”普达尔说。“这是停电。24In 2009,Platzer climbed into a self-driving Chevy Tahoe named Boss.The car was designed by his colleagues at Carnegie Mellon.Two years earlier,it had won a competition where self driving cars navigated through city streets,an honor that brought the researchers a cool $2 million prize.Platzeu calls himself a "correctness guy ." and he was a little nervous about trusting his life to the machine. 2009年，普拉策爬上了一辆名为“Boss”的无人驾驶雪佛兰太浩。这辆车是他在卡内基梅隆大学的同事设计的。两年前，它赢得了一场自动驾驶汽车在城市街道上穿行的比赛，这项荣誉给研究人员带来了200万美元的奖金。Platzeu称自己是一个“正确性专家”，他有点担心把自己的生命托付给机器。25Right after the start signal,Boss hit the gas and rocketed forward,and I felt a bit like in a roller coaster. Only those are safe,because they simply follow the tracks,"he says." Boss didn't have any tracks to follow...The curve came closer and closer,yet Boss still didn' t hit the brakes.It actually didn't hit the brakes until long after I would have.That was a rather odd feeling. 就在启动信号发出后，“老大”加速前进，我感觉有点像在坐过山车。只有那些是安全的，因为它们只是沿着轨道走，”他说。老大没有任何线索可以追踪…弯道越来越近，但是Boss仍然没有踩刹车。它实际上直到我踩刹车很久之后才刹车。那是一种相当奇怪的感觉。26"Platzer trusted his colleagues,so he wasn' t too worried.Still,he says,scientists have a lot of work to do before self-driving cars can safely hit the streets.But like the masses that turned out in Las Vegas to watch the egglike EN-Vs glide silently through the parking lot,he's excited about the future.Ifs coming, and fast. 普拉茨相信他的同事，所以他并不太担心。不过，他说，在自动驾驶汽车安全上路之前，科学家们还有很多工作要做。但就像在拉斯维加斯观看鸡蛋状的en - v悄悄穿过停车场的群众一样，他对未来感到兴奋。如果来了，而且很快。

第二单元：1In most countries,a PhD is a basic requirement for a career in academia.It is an introduction to the world of independent research —a kind of intellectual masterpiece,created by an apprentice in close collaboration with a supervisor.The requirements to complete one vary enormously between countries,universities and even subjects.Some students will first have to spend two years working on a master's degree or diploma.Some will receive a stipend;]1 others will pay their own way.Some PhDs involve only research,some require classes and examinations and some require the student to teach undergraduates.A thesis can be dozens of pages in mathematics,or many hundreds in history.As a result,newly minted PhDs can be as young as their early 20s or world-weary fbrty-somethings. 在大多数国家，博士学位是从事学术工作的基本要求。它是独立研究世界的导论——一种由学徒与导师密切合作创作的智慧杰作。不同国家、不同大学甚至不同学科的入学要求差别很大。一些学生将首先花两年时间攻读硕士学位或文凭。一些人会得到津贴，另一些人会自己出钱。有些博士只涉及研究，有些需要上课和考试，有些要求学生给本科生上课。一篇论文可以是几十页的数学，或数百页的历史。因此，新获得博士学位的人可能只有20岁出头，也可能是厌世的胖子之类的人。2Indeed,the production of PhDs has far outstripped demand for university lecturers.In a recent book,Andrew Hacker and Claudia Dreifus,an academic and a journalist,report that America produced more than 100,000doctoral degrees between 2005and 2009.In the same period there were just 16,000new professorships.Using PhD students to do much of the undergraduate teaching cuts the number of full-time jobs.Even in Canada,where the output of PhD graduates has grown relatively modestly,universities conferred 4,800doctorate degrees in 2007but hired just 2,]1 616 new full-time professors.Only a few fast-developing countries,such as Brazil and China,now seem short of PhDs. 事实上，博士的产出远远超过了对大学讲师的需求。在最近的一本书中，学者And中国邮路问题rew Hacker和记者Claudia Dreifus报告说，美国在2005年到2009年间培养了10万多名博士学位。而在同一时期，新教授职位只有16000个。让博士生来做大部分的本科教学工作，减少了全职工作的数量。即使在博士毕业生数量增长相对适度的加拿大，大学在2007年授予了4800个博士学位，但只雇用了1616个新全职教授。只有一些快速发展的国家，如巴西和中国，现在似乎缺少博士。3In research,the story is similar.PhD students and contract staff known as "postdocs",described by one student as "the ugly underbelly of academia",do much of the research these days.There is a glut of postdocs too.Dr.Freeman concluded from pre2000data that if American faculty jobs in the life sciences were increasing at 5%a year,just 20%of students would land one.In Canada,80%of postdocs earn $38, 600 or less per year before tax —the average salary of a construction worker.The rise of the postdoc has created another obstacle on the way to an academic post.In some areas five years as a postdoc is now a prerequisite fbr landing a secure full-time job. 在研究中，情况也差不多。博士生和被称为“博士后”的合同制工作人员，被一名学生描述为“学术界丑陋的弱点”，他们现在做了很多研究。博士后也太多了。弗里曼从2000年以前的数据中得出结论，如果美国在生命科学领域的教师岗位以每年5%的速度增长，那么只有20%的学生能找到一份工作。在加拿大，80%的博士后每年的税前收入是38600美元或更少，这是建筑工人的平均工资。博士后数量的增加为获得学术职位制造了另一个障碍。在某些领域，5年的博士后生涯现在是获得一份稳定全职工作的先决条件。4These armies of low-paid PhD researchers and postdocs boost universities*,and therefore countries\\research capacity.Yet that is not always a good thing.Brilliant,well-trained minds can go to waste when fashions change.The post-Sputn era drove the rapid growth in PhD physicists that came to an abrupt halt as the Vietnam war drained the science budget.Brian Schwartz,a professor of physics at the City University of New York,says that in the 1970s as many as 5,000physicists had to find jobs in other areas. 这些低薪的博士和博士后大军提高了大学的研究能力，从而也提高了国家的研究能力。然而，这并不总是一件好事。当时尚改变时，那些才华横溢、训练有素的头脑就会白白浪费掉。后sputn时代推动了物理学博士的快速增长，但随着越南战争耗尽了科学预算，这一增长戛然停止。纽约城市大学(City University of New York)的物理学教授布莱恩·施瓦茨(Brian Schwartz)说，在20世纪70年代，多达5000名物理学家不得不在其他领域寻找工作。6Proponents of the PhD argue that it is worthwhile even if it does not lead to permanent academic employment.Not every student embarks on a PhD wanting a university career and many move successfully into private-sector jobs in,for instance,industrial research.That is true;]1 but drop-out rates suggest that many students become dispirited.In America only 57%of doctoral students will have a PhD ten years after their first date of enrolment.In the humanities,where most students pay fbr their own PhDs,the figure is 49%. Worse still,whereas in other subject areas students tend to jump ship in the early years,in the humanities they cling like limpets before eventually falling off.These students started out as the academic cream of the nation.Research at one American university found that those who finish are no cleverer than those who do not.Poor supervision,bad job prospects or lack of money cause them to run out of steam. 支持读博的人认为，读博是值得的，即使它不能带来永久的学术工作。并不是每个读博的学生都想进入大学，很多人成功地进入了私营部门，比如工业研究部门。这是事实，但是辍学率表明许多学生变得灰心丧气。在美国，只有57%的博士生在入学十年后还能获得博士学位。在人文学科中，大多数学生自己支付快进制博士学位的费用，这个数字是49%。更糟糕的是，其他学科的学生往往会在早期跳槽，而人文学科的学生则像帽贝一样紧紧抓住不放，直到最终放弃。这些学生一开始是这个国家的学术精英。美国一所大学的研究发现，那些完成学业的人并不比那些没完成学业的人聪明。监管不力、就业前景不佳或缺钱都让他们失去动力。7Many students say they are pursuing their subject out of love,and that education is an end in itself.Some give little thought to where the qualification might lead.In one study of British PhD graduates,about a third admitted that they were doing their doctorate partly to go on being a student,or put off job hunting.Nearly half of engineering students admitted to this.Scientists can easily get stipends,and therefore drift into doing a PhD.But there are penalties,as well as benefits,to staying at university.Workers with "surplus schooling,, - more education than a job requires —are likely to be less satisfie怎么做手帐d,less productive and more likely to say they are going to leave their jobs. 许多学生说，他们是出于热爱而从事这门学科的，教育本身就是一个目的。有些人几乎没有想过这个资格会带来什么后果。在一项针对英国博士毕业生的研究中，大约有三分之一的人承认他们读博的部分原因是想继续当学生，或者推迟找工作。近一半的工科学生承认这一点。科学家们很容易就能拿到津贴，因此就开始攻读博士学位。但是，待在大学里有好处也有坏处。受教育程度超过工作要求的工人可能对工作不太满意，生产力较低，而且更有可能说要离职。8The interests of universities and tenured academics are misaligned with those of PhD students.Academics tend to regard asking whether a PhD is worthwhile as analogous to wondering whether there is too much art or culture in the world.They believe that knowledge spills from universities into society,making it more productive and healthier.That may well be true;but doing a PhD may still be a bad choice for an individual. 大学和终身教授的利益与博士生的利益是不一致的。学者们倾向于认为，质疑博士学位是否值得，就像质疑世界上是否有太多的艺术或文化。他们认为，知识会从大学渗透到社会中，使社会更富有成效、更健康。这也许是对的，但是读博对个人来说可能仍然是一个糟糕的选择。9The interests of academics and universities on the one hand and PhD students on the other are not well aligned.T电暖气品牌he more bright students stay at universities,the better it is for academics.Postgraduate students bring in grants and beef up their supervisors'publication records.Academics pick bright undergraduate students and groom them as potential graduate students.It isn' t in their interests to turn the smart kids away,at least at the beginning.One female student spoke of being told of glowing opportunities at the outset,but after seven years of hard slog,she was fobbed off with a joke about finding a rich husband. 学者和大学的利益与博士生的利益并不一致。留在大学的学生越聪明，对学术就越有利。研究生可以带来补助金，并增加他们导师的出版记录。学者们挑选优秀的本科生，培养他们成为潜在的研究生。把聪明的孩子拒之门外不符合他们的利益，至少在一开始是这样。一名女学生说，一开始被告知前途光明，但经过7年的艰苦奋斗，她被一个找个有钱丈夫的笑话糊弄了。10Monica Harris, a professor of psychology at the University of Kentucky, is a rare exception. She believes that too many PhDs are being educated, and has been stopped doing it. But such unilateral academic discipline control is rare.One Ivy-League present, asked accurately about PhD overseas, said that if the top universities cut back, others will step in to offer theem in step. 肯塔基大学的心理学教授莫妮卡·哈里斯(Monica Harris)是个罕见的例外。她认为现在有太多的博士在接受教育，而且已经停止这样做了。但是，这种单方面的学术纪律控制simulink是少见的。一位常青藤联盟的毕业生在被问及海外博士学位的问题时表示，如果顶尖大学削减博士学位，其他大学也会随之削减。12Many of those who embark on a PhD are the smartest in their class and will have been the best at everything they have done.They will have amassed awards and prizes.As this year's new crop of graduate students bounce into their research,few will be willing to accept that the system they are entering could be designed fbr the benefit of others,that even hard work and brilliance may well not be enough to succeed, and that they would be better of doing something else.They might use their research skills to look harder at the lot of the disposable academic.Someone should write a thesis about that. 很多读博的人都是班上最聪明的，也会把他们所做的每件事做到最好。他们将获得大量的奖励和奖励。今年的新作物的研究生反弹到自己的研究中,很少有人会愿意接受他们正在进入的系统可以设计fbr别人的好处,即使努力工作和才华很可能没有足够成功,他们会更好的做其他的事情。他们可能会利用自己的研究技能，更努力地研究大量的一次性学术论文。应该有人就此写篇论文。

第三单元：1But now nothing personal,mind you —the Internet is growing up and lifting its gaze to the wider world.To be sure,the economy of Internet self-gratification is thriving.Web start-ups for the consumer market still sprout at a torrid pace.And young corporate stars seeking to cash in for billions by selling shares to the public are consumer services —the online game company Zynga last week,and the social network giant Facebook,whose stock offering is scheduled for next year. 但现在，请注意，这不是针对个人的——互联网正在成长，并将目光投向更广阔的世界。可以肯定的是，互联网自我满足的经济正在蓬勃发展。面向消费者市场的网络初创企业仍在以火热的速度萌芽。寻求通过向公众出售股票来套现数十亿美元的年轻企业明星是消费者服务公司——上周在线游戏公司Zynga，以及计划明年上市的社交网络巨头Facebook。2As this is happening,though,the protean Internet technologies of computing and communications are rapidly spreading beyond the lucrative consumer bailiwick.Low-cost sensors,clever software and advancing computer firepower are opening the door to new uses in energy conservation,transportation,health care,and food distribution.The consumer Internet can be seen as the warm-up act for these technologies. 然而，随着这一切的发生，千变万化的计算机和通信互联网技术正在迅速蔓延，超出了利润丰厚的消费者的管辖范围。低成本的传感器、聪明的软件和先进的计算机火力为节能、运输、医疗保健和食品分配等领域的新用途打开了大门。消费者互联网可以被视为这些技术的热身行动。3We're going to put the digital'smarts'into everything,said Edward D.Lazowska,a computer scientist at the University of Washington.These abundant smart devices,Dr.Lazowska added,will "interact intelligently with people and with the physical world. 华盛顿大学(University of Washington)的计算机科学家爱德华·d·拉佐斯卡(Edward D.Lazowska)说，我们将把数字“智能”植入所有东西。这些丰富的智能设备。拉佐夫斯卡补充说，它将“与人以及物质世界进行智能互动。”6The role of sensors ―nee costly and clunky,now inexpensive and tiny ―was described this month in an essay in The New York Times by Larry Smarr,founding director of the California Institute fbr Telecommunications and Information Technology;he said the ultimate goal was "the sensor-aware planetary computer." 本月，加州fbr电信与信技术研究所(California Institute of fbr Telecommunications and Information Technology)的创始人拉里·斯马尔(Larry Smarr)在《纽约时报》(New York Times)的一篇文章中描述了传感器的作用——以前昂贵而笨重，现在便宜而小巧。他说，传感器的最终目标是“传感器感知行星计算机”。7Across many industries,products and practices are being transformed by communicating sensors and computing intelligence.The smart industrial gear includes jet engines,bridges and oil rigs that alert their human minders when they need repairs,before equipment failures occur.Computers track sensor data on operating performance of a jet engine,or slight structural changes in an oil rig,looking for telltale patterns that signal coming trouble. 在许多行业，通信传感器和计算智能正在改变产品和实践。智能工业设备包括喷气发动机、桥梁和石油钻井平台，当它们需要维修时，会在设备发生故障之前向人类管理员发出警报。计算机跟踪传感器数据，记录喷气发动机的运行性能，或石油钻井平台的细微结构变化，寻找预紧急开锁示麻烦即将到来的模式。12Sensors on fruit and vegetable cartons can track location and sniff the produce,warning in advance of spoilage,so shipments can be rerouted or rescheduled.Computers pull GPS data from railway locomotives,taking into account the weight and length of trains,the terrain and turns,to reduce unnecessary braking and curb fuel consumption by up to 10 percent. 水果和蔬菜包装盒上的传感器可以跟踪位置，嗅出农产品的气味，并在变质前发出警告，这样就可以改变运输路线或重新安排时间。计算机从铁路机车中提取GPS数据，考虑到列车的重量和长度、地形和弯道，以减少不必要的制动，并控制高达10%的燃料消耗。13Researchers at General Electric,the nation's largest industrial company,are working on such applications and others.One is a smart hospital room,equipped with three small cameras,mounted inconspicuously on the ceiling.With software for analysis,the room can monitor movements by doctors and nurses in and out of t电脑如何设置定时关机he ro犬瘟om,alerting them if they have forgotten to wash their hands before and after touching patients —lapses that contribute significantly to hospital-acquired infections.Computer vision software can analyze facial expressions for signs of severe pain, the onset of delirium or other hints of distress,and send an electronic alert to a nearby nurse. 美国最大的工业公司通用电气(General Electric)的研究人员正致力于此类应用和其他方面的研究。其中一间是智能病房，在天花板上不显眼地安装了三个小摄像头。通过分析软件，病房可以监控医生和护士进出病房的动作，如果他们在接触病人前后忘记洗手，就会发出警报——这是导致医院获得性感染的重要原因。计算机视觉软件可以分析面部表情，找出剧烈疼痛的迹象、谵语发作或其他痛苦的迹象，并向附近的护士发送电子警报。19In Dubuque, Iowa, for example, LB.M.has embarked on a long-term program with the local government to use sensors, software and Internet computing to improve the city's use of water, electricity, and transportation.In a pilot project this year, digital water meters were installed in 151homes, and software monitored water use and patterns, informing residents about ways to consume less and alerting them to likely leaks.The savings in the pilot, nearly 7percent, would translate into curbing water use by 65million gallons a year in Dubuque, a Midwestern city of 60, 000. 例如，在爱荷华州的迪比克，lb。已经开始与当地政府合作开展一项长期计划，利用传感器、软件和互联网计算来改善城市的水、电和交通的使用。在今年的一个试点项目中，151户家庭安装了数字水表，并使用软件监测用水和模式，告知居民减少用水的方法，并向他们发出可能出现泄漏的警报。试点项目节省了近7%的资金，这意味着在拥有6万人口的中西部城市迪比克，每年将减少6500万加仑的用水量。20In Rio de Janeiro,LB.M.is employing ground and airborne sensors,along with artificial intelligence software,for neighborhood-level disaster preparedness.The system,which is being developed by LB.M.researchers, aims to predict heavy rains and mudslides up to 48hours in advance and conduct evacuations before they 复旦18驴occur —and avoid tragedies like the one last year,when a mudslide left more than 70people dead and thousands homeless. 在里约热内卢的里约热内卢，LB.M。正在使用地面和空中传感器，以及人工智能软件，用于社区级的灾害准备。该系统由LB.M公司开发。研究人员的目标是提前48小时预测暴雨和泥石流，并在它们发生前进行疏散——避免像去年那样的悲剧，当时一场泥石流导致70多人死亡，数千人无家可归。21The next wave of computing does not step away from the consumer Internet so much as build on it for different uses (positioning some of the same properties of privacy and civil liberties concerns). Software techniques like pattern recognition and machine learning used in Internet searches,online advertising and smartphone apps are also ingredients in making smart devices to manage energy consumption,health care,and traffic. 下一波计算浪潮并没有远离消费者互联网，而是建立在它的基础上为不同的用途(定位隐私和公民自由方面的一些相同属性)。用于互联网搜索、在线广告和智能手机应用的模式识别和机器学习等软件技术，也是制造管理能源消耗、医疗保健和交通的智能设备的要素。22Take Google's robot car program,for example.The automated cars,each with a human along for the ride,have deftly navigated thousands of miles on California highways and city streets.The project a research effort so far —uses a bundle of artificial intelligence technologies,as does Google 15s search-and-ad business. 以谷歌的机器人汽车项目为例。每辆自动驾驶汽车都有一名驾驶员驾驶，已经在加州的高速公路和城市街道上熟练地行驶了数千英里。该项目目前是一项研究工作，使用了一系列人工智能技术，谷歌15s的搜索和广告业务也是如此。23GLOBAL PULSE is a new initiative by the United Nations to leverage data from the consumer Internet for global development.So-called sentiment analysis of messages in social networks and phone text messages using natural-language deciphering software —can help predict job losses or lower spending in a region,or disease outbreaks. “全球脉搏”是联合国的一项新倡议，旨在利用消费者互联网提供的数据促进全球发展。使用自然语言解码软件对社交网络和手机短信中的信进行所谓的情绪分析，可以帮助预测一个地区的失业或支出减少，或疾病爆发。24In parts of Africa and Asia,where cellphones serve as automated bank tellers,with text messages initiating money transfers,they can also serve as an early warning system.When savings transfers drop to 50cents or zero from $10 a month,"something is happening that is evident in the digital smoke signals/*said Robert Kirkpatrick,the director of Global Pulse.School feeding programs or government assistance might be stepped up to prevent a region from slipping back into poverty. 在非洲和亚洲的部分地区，手机可以充当自动银行柜员，通过短信启动转账，手机也可以用作早期预警系统。当储蓄转帐从每月10美元降至50美分或为零时，“一些事情正在发生，这在数字烟雾信号中很明显/* Global Pulse主管罗伯特·柯克帕特里克说。学校供餐计划或政府援助可能会加强，以防止一个地区重新陷入贫困。

第四单元：1Five years have passed since an earthquake and tsunami destroyed the huge Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear plant owned by Tokyo Electric Power (TEPCO), on the Japanese north-east coast - and previously reported a phased down of the country's 54 nuclear plants fbr stress testing, maintenance and further maritime analysis. With the last react turned off in May 2012, the past summer was when Japan started to live with out nuclear power fbr the first time since 1970. 地震和海啸摧毁了位于日本东北海岸的东京电力公司(TEPCO)拥有的福岛第一核电站，已经过去5年了。此前有报道称，日本将逐步减少54座核电站的fbr压力测试、维护和进一步的海事分析。2012年5月，日本关闭了最后一个反应反应堆，这是日本自1970年以来第一次在没有核反应堆的情况下生活。2Before the disaster struck,nuclear power accounted fbr 29%of the country's electricity supply,with plans fbr boosting it to 50%by 2030.Such intentions are now out of the question.To compensate fbr the loss of such a large chunk of electrical capacity,households and businesses across Japan were threatened with black-outs and to make reductions of up to 15%in consumption or face stiff penalties.In the immediate aftermath of the disaster,the electricity was switched off in some parts of the country fbr up to four hours a day. 在灾难发生前，核电占日本电力供应的29%，计划到2030年将这一比例提高到50%。这种意图现在是不可能的了。为了补偿fbr损失如此大的电力容量，日本各地的家庭和企业都面临着停大便出血是怎么回事电的威胁，并要求减少高达15%的用电量，否则将面临严厉的惩罚。灾难发生后不久，日本部分地区每天断电4个小时。3With industry hit hard by electricity shortages,business leaders are demanding that "clean,stable nuclear power" be turned back on without delay.A battle royal is shaping up between an invigorated nuclear regulator,various civil groups and new business leaders,on one side,and the Keidanren,a lobby group for traditional big business,on the other. 由于工业受到电力短缺的严重打击，商界领袖要求立即恢复“清洁、稳定的核能”。一场混战正在形成，一方是充满活力的核监管机构、各种民间团体和新的商业领袖，另一方是日本经济团体联合会(Keidanren)，这是一个为传统大企业服务的游说团体。4Despite official claims to the contrary,Japan's political economy is still driven largely by what producers (manufacturers, farmers and financial institutions) would rather than by what consumers would like. The natural instance of the Liberal Democratic Party, which was rather back into office following a landside dictionary last December, is to side with impacts of big business. 尽管官方的说法与此相反，但日本的政治经济在很大程度上仍然是由生产者(制造商、农民和金融机构)所驱动的，而不是消费者所希望的。自由民主党(Liberal Democratic Party)在去年12月的《landside词典》(landside dictionary)问世后，重返政坛。它自然会支持大企业的影响。5However,mindful of the anger among voters over the nuclear disaster and the government's poor response to it,the ruling party is waiting for this summer's upper-house election to be out of the way before taking decisive action.Polls continue to show that the majority of Japanese favour either an outright ban on nuclear power,or only a small percentage of the safer plants being allowed to restart. 然而，考虑到选民对核灾难的愤怒以及政府对此事的不良反应，执政党正等待今年夏天的上议院选举结束后，才会采取果断行动。民意调查继续显示，大多数日本人赞成要么完全禁止核能，要么只允许一小部分更安全的核电站重新启动。7In the meantime,Japan has been paying dearly —in terms of foreign exchange as well as personal hardship for managing without nuclear power.Making up for the idled nuclear capacity has cost the country $50 m a day in imports of additional liquefied natural gas from Qatar and,increasingly,Australia.After running an unbroken series of trade surpluses since 1963,Japan's energy woes in 2011tipped its trade balance sharply into the red,where it has since remained。与此同时，日本一直在为没有核能的管理付出高昂的外汇和个人困难。为了弥补闲置的核电产能，该国每天要从卡塔尔(以及越来越多的澳大利亚)额外进口5000万美元的液化天然气。自1963年以来，日本一直保持着连续的贸易顺差。2011年，日本的能源危机使其贸易收支大幅出现赤字，此后一直处于赤字状态。8All of which should not have happened,even with a disaster on the scale of Fukushima Dai-ichi.The Japanese are among the most frugal energy users in the industrial world.On average,households in Japan consume a modest 8,400kilowatt-hours of electricity a year~espite most buildings having surprisingly poor thermal insulation.By contrast,American homes bum an average of 13,400kilowatt-hours annually in order to maintain a shirt sleeve environment year round. 所有这些都不应该发生，即使是像福岛第一核电站那样规模的灾难。日本是工业世界中最节约能源的国家之一。日本家庭平均每年消耗8400千瓦时的电力，尽管大多数建筑物的隔热性能令人惊讶地差。相比之下，美国家庭每年平均消耗13400千瓦时，以维持全年的环境。9The difference in consumption is simply a matter of price.Your correspondent pays a (more or less) flat 13 students a kilowatthour for his electricity in southern California, which is not the cake place in America by far.But that is dirt cheap compared with Japan. His family there has to rough up 24.5yen (26天才病cents) per kilowatt-hour for the lowest of the three domestic rates they have to pay. The highest is a distributed 49yen. 消费上的差异只是价格的问题。你的记者在南加州为13个学生支付(或多或少)千瓦时的电费，到目前为止在美国还没有蛋糕店。但与日本相比，这实在是太便宜了。他的家庭每千瓦时需要支付24.5日元(26美分)的电费，这是日本国内三种电费中最低的一种。最高的是49日元。10For that,blame the country's ten regional electricity monopolies and their preoccupation with nuclear power.Îndependent of any rational argument or serious discussion,or examples from other countries,renewable' new'energy was kept below 1%[of electrical power output]as an untouchable rule,^, notes Gerhard Fasol of Eurotechnology Japan,in a recent stra16岁博士tegic report on the country's renewable options for a nuclear-free future. 这要归咎于该国的十个地区电力垄断企业以及它们对核电的专注。日本欧洲技术公司的格哈德·法索尔在最近的一份关于日本无核未来可再生能源选择的战略报告中指出，独立于任何理性的论证或严肃的讨论，或其他国家的例子，可再生“新”能源被控制在[电力输出]的1%以下是不可触及的规则。11With TEPCO humbled,the 1%rule has begun to crumble since the Fukushima disaster."The government now plans to increase the share of renewables in Japan's energy mix to 15%-25%," says Dr Fasol.In principle,that ought to be relatively easy to accomplish.In prac批量加水印tice,however,.1 it will require sweeping institutional changes governing how power and influence are wielded by vested interests at every level of society in Japan.Such changes will not come easily.Nor will the investment needed to turn Japan's dual electricity supply (with one half ofthe country receiving power at 50hertz and the other at 60hertz) into a modem smart grid. 福岛核事故发生后，随着东京电力公司的垮台，“1%规则”开始瓦解。Fasol博士说:“政府现在计划将可再生能源在日本能源结构中的份额提高到15%-25%。”原则上，这应该是相对容易实现的。然而,在实践中。这需要全面的制度变革，来管理日本社会各个阶层的既得利益集团如何行使权力和影响力。这样的改变不会轻易实现。将日本的双重电力供应(一半的电力接收频率为50赫兹，另一半为60赫兹)转变为现代智能电网所需的投资也不会产生影响。12The irony is that Japan ought to be a haven for renewable energy.It has the industrial skills and natural resources to be a world leader.For instance,the abundance of sunshine suggests G that,instead of a smattering of solar installations,there ought to be photovoltaic panels on practically every rooftop in the land,as well as numerous solar-generating arrays selling power to the utilities.Instead,solar power contributed a minuscule 0.01%to Japanese electricity production last year,says Eurotechnology. 具有讽刺意味的是，日本本应是可再生能源的天堂。它拥有成为世界领导者的工业技术和自然资源。例如，充足的阳光表明，除了少量的太阳能装置，几乎每个屋顶上都应该安装光伏电池板，以及大量向公用事业公司出售电力的太阳能发电阵列。相反，欧洲科技公司(Eurotechnology)说，去年太阳能发电对日本电力生产的贡献仅为0.01%。13Meanwhile,the country's steady ocean breezes could feed dozens of offshore wind-farms (the first, for competition in 2020, has just been announced). And in a country bordering the Pacific's geologically active Ring of Fire,geothermal power could be plumbed far more extensively.Meanwhile,the numerous locations around the country's coastline with adequate tidal range and flow could be generating serious amounts of tidal power. 与此同时，该国稳定的海风可以为数十个海上风力发电场提供能源(第一个用于2020年竞争的风力发电场刚刚宣布)。在一个与太平洋地质活跃带接壤的国家，地热发电可以进行更广泛的探测。与此同时，该国海岸线周围众多潮汐范围和流量足够的地点，可能会产生大量的潮汐能。14Then there are the mountains,which comprise 70%of the archipelago's land mass.Covered with snow in the winter and drenched by monsoons in the summer,their fast-moving rivers offer plenty of scope for hydro-electricity,So far,only 1,900locations for dams and pumped storage facilities have been exploited.A further 2,700sites wait to be tapped,reckons Eurotechnology. 其次是山脉，占群岛陆地面积的70%。冬天被积雪覆盖，夏天被季风湿透，湍急的河流为水力发电提供了充足的空间，到目前为止，只有1900个地方建成了水坝和抽水蓄能设施。据Eurotechnology估计，还有2700个站点等待开发。15In short,Japan has a profusion of renewable energy sources awaiting development.However,at every turn,there is a law or regulation,some vested interest or a monopoly supplier poised to trip up any would-be developer. 总之，日本有丰富的可再生能源等待开发。然而，在每一个阶段，都会有法律或法规，一些既得利益者或垄断供应商准备让任何潜在的开发商陷入困境。16Geothermal power alone,for instance,could account for 10%(up from today's 0.3%) of Japan's electricity needs.It is unlikedly ever to do so.What is cause many hot springs reflection in national parks, which are protected by laws preventing such use.use. Others are protected for local protected interests in the natural spa trade. 举例来说，仅地热能就能满足日本电力需求的10%(从现在的0.3%上升到10%)。它不太可能永远这样做。国家公园里有许多温泉反射，因为国家公园受法律保护，禁止温泉反射。其他的则是由于当地在天然温泉贸易中受到保护的利益而受到保护。17The one recent development that gives hope for deregulation and reform is the governmenfs introduction last July of feed- in tariffs for various forms of renewable energy.Japan9s dismal record on renewables was not just the result of intransigence by regional monopolies like TEPCO.There were no incentives,let alone a market,for entrepreneurs to invest their own money in solar-generating plant and the like. 去年7月，中国政府对各种形式的可再生能源征收了电价，这一最新进展给解除管制和改革带来了希望。日本在可再生能源方面的糟糕记录不仅仅是像东京电力公司这样的地区垄断企业不妥协的结果。没有激励，更不用说市场，企业家投资他们自己的钱在太阳能发电厂和类似的。18Now there are generous ones,backed by laws requiring TEPCO and the other utility monopolies to purchase spare electricity produced by outsiders.Feed-in tariffs,guaranteed for up to 20years,range from 38yen per kilowatt-hour for solar arrays to 57yen fbr small wind-farms.Japanese utilities will be allowed to pass the extra cost of purchasing renewable energy at such prices on to customers as surcharges.Th如何去黑头e feed-in tariffs are expected to raise household electricity bills by at least 1%.现在有了慷慨的补贴，法律要求东京电力公司和其他公用事业垄断企业购买外部生产的备用电力。上网电价的保障期限最长为20年，从太阳能电池板每千瓦时38日元到小型风力发电场每千瓦时57日元不等。日本公用事业公司将被允许将购买可再生能源的额外成本以附加费的形式转嫁给消费者。上网电价预计将使家庭电费上涨至少1%。19The reforms seem to be working —though,once again,Japanese consumers are left footing the bill.According to the Ministry of Economy,Trade and Industry,solar capacity (including residual as well as commercial) rose by 29% in Japan last year, albeit from a relatively small base. 改革似乎正在起作用——尽管，日本消费者再一次为账单买单。据日本经济产业省统计，尽管基数相对较小，但去年日本的太阳能发电量(包括剩余的和商业的)增长了29%。20Even after the feed-in tariff fbr solar was recently reduced by 10%—to take account of last year's 20%fall in the price of solar panels Japan's incentives remain three times those offered in Germany and China,two of the world's biggest markets fbr solar power.That implies the Japanese market fbr renewable energy could one day be even bigger,as the country learns to live with limited nuclear power.Or,quite possibly,none at all. 考虑到去年太阳能电池板价格下跌了20%，日本的上网电价最近降低了10%，但日本的激励措施仍是德国和中国的三倍。德国和中国是世界上最大的两个太阳能光伏市场。这意味着日本的fbr可再生能源市场有一天可能会变得更大，因为这个国家要学会适应有限的核能。或者，很可能根本没有。

第五单元1We like to think that an invention comes as a flash of insight,the equivalent of that sudden Archimedean displacement of bath water that occasioned one of the most famous Greek interjections,8ijQr|xa.Then the inventor gets to rapidly translating a stunning discovery into a new product.Its mass appeal soon transforms the world,proving once again the power of a single,simple idea. 我们喜欢把一项发明想象成一闪而过的洞见，就像阿基米德(Archimedean)突然把浴缸里的水替换掉，从而产生了最著名的希腊感叹词之一8ijQr|xa。然后，发明者开始迅速地将一项惊人的发现转化为一种新产品。它的大众吸引力很快改变了世界，再次证明了一个简单理念的力量。2But this story is a myth.The popular heroic narrative has almost nothing to do with the way modem invention (conceptual creation of a new product or process, some accepted by a prototype design) and innovation (large-scale difference of commercially viable events) work. A close examination reveals that many award-winning events are re-inventions. 但这个故事是个神话。流行的英雄故事与现代发明(新产品或工艺的概念创造，一些被原型设计所接受)和创新(商业可行性事件的大规模差异)的工作方式几乎没有任何关系。仔细观察就会发现，许多获奖的活动都是再发明。3Most scientific or engineering discoveries would never become successful products without contributions from other scientists or engineers.Every major invention is the child of farflung parents who may never meet.These contributions may be just as important as the original insight,but they will not attract public adulation.They will not be celebrated by media,and they will not be rewarded with Nobel prizes.We insist on celebrating lone heroic path-finders but even the most admired, of the and the most successful inventors are part of a more remarkable supply chain of innovators who are largely ignored for the simpler mythology of one man or one eureka moment. 如果没有其他科学家或工程师的贡献，大多数科学或工程发现永远不会成为成功的产品。每一项重大发明都是来自遥远的父母，他们可能永远不会见面。这些贡献可能和最初的见解一样重要，但它们不会吸引公众的奉承。他们不会受到媒体的赞美，也不会获得诺贝尔奖。我们坚持为孤独英勇的开拓者庆祝，但即使是最受尊敬的、最成功的发明家，也属于一个更卓越的创新者供应链的一部分，他们在很大程度上被忽视了，因为一个人的简单神话或某个灵光一见的时刻。4perhaps nothing explodes the myth of the Lonely Innovator Hero like the story of modem electronics.To oversimplify a bit,electronics works through the switching of electronic signals and the amplification of their power and voltage.In the early years of the 20th century,switching and amplification was done (strictly) with vacuum branches.In the middle of the 20th century, it was done more effectively by translators. Today, most of this work is done on microchips (large numbers of translators on a silicon wafer), which is the basic building block of model electronics, essential for not only computers and cellphones but also products ranging from cars to jetliners.All of these machines are now operated and controlled by —simply stated —the switching and amplification of electronic signals. 也许没有什么比现代电子学的故事更能打破孤独创新英雄的神话了。为了简化一点，电子技术通过电子信号的转换和放大它们的功率和电压来工作。在20世纪早期，开关和放大(严格地)是用真空分支完成的。在20世纪中叶，翻译人员的翻译效率更高。如今，这项工作大部分是在微芯片上完成的(一个硅片上有大量的翻译程序)，这是电子模型的基本组成部分，不仅对电脑和手机，而且从汽车到飞机等产品都是必不可少的。简单地说，现在所有这些机器都是通过电子信号的开关和放大来操作和控制的。5The dazzling and oversimplified story about electronics goes like this：The transistor was discovered by scientists at Bell Labs in 1947,leading directly to integrated circuits,which in turn led straight to microprocessors whose development brought us microcomputers and ubiquitous cellphones. 关于电子学，令人眼花缭乱而又过于简单化的故事是这样的:1947年，贝尔实验室的科学家们发现了晶体管，直接导致了集成电路的发展，集成电路又直接导致了微处理器的发展，微处理器的发展给我们带来了微型计算机和无处不在的手机。6The real story is more complicated,but it explains how invention really happens —through a messy process of copy,paste,and edit.The first transistor was patented 20years before the Bell Labs scientists,in 1925by Julius Lilienfeld.In 1947,Walter Brattain and John Bardeen amplified power and voltage using a germanium crystal but their transistor —the point-contact transistor~id not become the workhorse of modem electronics.That role has been played by the junction field-effect transistor,which was conceptualized in 1948and patented in 1951by William Shockley.Today, of the even the Bell System Memorial site concedes that "it's perfectly clear that Bell Labs didn' t invent the transistor,they re-invented it".真实的故事要复杂得多，但它解释了发明是如何真正发生的——通过一个混乱的复制、粘贴和编辑过程。1925年，比贝尔实验室的科学家早20年，朱利叶斯·利连菲尔德就发明了第一个晶体管。1947年，瓦尔特·布拉顿和约翰·巴丁使用锗晶体放大了功率和电压，但他们的晶体管——点接触型晶体管——并没有成为现代电子技术的主流。结场效应晶体管(结场效应晶体管)扮演了这一角色，它在1948年产生了概念，并在1951年由威廉·肖克利(William Shockley)获得专利。今天，甚至贝尔系统的纪念网站也承认“很明显，贝尔实验室没有发明晶体管，他们重新发明了它”。7In order to lower the production costs of silicon wafer,a crystal from which the wafers are sliced must be relatively large.These requirements led to new ways of silicon purification of 99.9999% is common) and to ingenious methods of growing large crystals,both being enormous technical accomplishments in their own right.The story of crystal-making began in 1918when Jan Czochralski,a Polish metallurgist,discovered how to convert extremely pure polycrystalline material into a single crystal;procedures for growing larger crystals were introduced in the early 1950s by Gordon Teal and Ernest Buehler at the Bell Labs.Soon afterwards Teal became the chief of R&D at Texas Instruments where a team led by Willis Adcock developed the first silicon transistor in 1954. 为了降低硅片的生产成本，用来切割硅片的晶体必须相对较大。这些要求导致了新方法的硅净化99.9999%是常见的)和巧妙的方法生长大晶体，这两者本身是巨大的技术成就。晶体制造的历史始于1918年，当时波兰冶金学家Jan Czochralski发现了如何将极纯的多晶材料转化为单晶;20世纪50年代早期，贝尔实验室的戈登•蒂尔和欧内斯特•比勒引进了培养更大晶体的程序。不久之后，蒂尔成为德克萨斯仪器公司的研发主管，1954年，威利斯·阿德科克领导的团队开发出了第一个硅晶体管。8In May 1954,at a meeting of the Institute of Radio Engineers National Convention in Dayton,Teal demonstrated another advantage of silicon.After he announced that his company made the first silicon transistors,Teal turned and switched on an RCA 45-rpm turntable,playing the swinging sounds of Artie Shaw's "Summit Ridge Drive". The germanium transistors in the amplifier of the record player were dunked in a beaker of hot oil,and the sound died away as the devices failed from the high temperature.Then Teal switched over to an identical amplifier with silicon transistors, placed it in the hot oil,and the灭蚊灯品牌 music played on. 1954年5月，在代顿举行的无线电工程师协会全国大会上，蒂尔展示了硅的另一个优点。在他宣布他的公司制造了第一个硅晶体管之后，蒂尔打开了一个RCA 45转的转盘，播放着阿蒂·肖(Artie Shaw)的《顶峰山脊大道》(Summit Ridge Drive)的摇摆声。把电唱机放大器里的锗晶体管浸在盛有热油的烧杯里，由于温度太高，声音就消失了。然后，蒂尔切换到一个相同的带有硅晶体管的放大器，把它放在热油中，音乐就开始播放了。11 The relentless quest for larger crystals was on as generations of researchers pushed the diameter from the original half an inch to 12inches and lowered the unit production costs.Availability of ultra-pure silicon opened the way to crowding tiny transistors on silicon wafers in order to make first integrated circuits (Robert Joyce and Jack Kilby in 1959). Then a way to deposit one atomic layer of silicon crystals had to be found (Bell Lab group led by Alfred Cho did that in 1968) before a group at Intel, Stanley Mazor and Federico Faggin as the main protagonists) could make its first microprocessor (essentially a computer on a chip) in 1971, for a Japanese programmatic calculator. 随着一代又一代的研究人员将直径从原来的半英寸提高到12英寸并降低单位生产成本，对更大晶体的不懈追求开始了。超纯硅的出现为将微小的晶体管挤在硅片上以制造第一个集成电路开辟了道路(1959年罗伯特·乔伊斯和杰克·基尔比)。然后一种存款一个原子层的硅晶体必须发现(贝尔实验室组由阿尔弗雷德·赵,1968年)之前,一群在英特尔,斯坦利Mazor和费德里科•Faggin为主要主角)可能使首次微处理器(实质上是一个计算机芯片)在1971年,日本可编程计算器。12The small armies of scientists and engineers employed by Intel and other chipmakers had to come up with new ways to place larger numbers of transistors on a chip.Their total increased from just 2,300transistors in 1971,to more than one million by 1990,and to more than two billion by 2010.And,obviously,crowding all of these transistors in order to make computers on a chip would be useless unless somebody wrote a machine language that could be used to impart the processing instructions.The man who made some of the most fundamental contributions in that regard was Dennis Ritchie, the creator of C,a language that eventually led to Java and UNIX. 英特尔和其他芯片制造商雇佣的科学家和工程师必须想出新方法，在芯片上放置更多的晶体管。它们的晶体管总数从1971年的2300个增加到1990年的100多万个，到2010年增加到20多亿个。显然，为了在一块芯片上制造计算机而把所有这些晶体管挤在一起是毫无用处的，除非有人写了一种机器语言，可以用来传递处理指令。在这方面做出了一些最基本贡献的人是Dennis Ritchie13These aren't the exceptions.Collaboration and augmentation are the foundational principles of innovation.Modern pathbreaking invention/innovation is always a process,always an agglomerative,incremental and cooperative enterprise,based on precedents and brought to commercial reality by indispensable contributions of other inventors,innovators and investors.Ascribing the credit for these advances to an individual or to a handful of innovators is a caricature of reality propagated by a search for a hero.The era of heroic inventions has been over for of thousands of collaborators and decades-long investment of generations.A brilliant mind having a eureka moment could not create an Intel microprocessor containing a billion transistors any more than one person could dream up a Boeing 787from scratch. 这些都不是例外。协作和扩展是创新的基本原则。现代的突破性发明/创新始终是一个过程，始终是一个凝聚性、渐进式和合作性的企业，以先例为基础，通过其他发明家、创新者和投资者的不可缺少的贡献而变成商业现实。把这些进步归功于一个人或少数创新者，是一种通过寻找英雄而传播的现实讽刺。英雄发明的时代已经结束了数千名合作者和几十年的世代投资。一个聪明的头脑不可能创造出包含10亿个晶体管的英特尔微处理器，也不可能凭空想象出一架波音787飞机。

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